Tables 1 to 6 from:

Patton, A. J. 2009. Selecting zoysiagrass cultivars: Turfgrass quality, growth, pest and environmental stress tolerance. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science doi:10.1094/ATS-2009-1019-01-MG.

Table 1. Cultivar name, experimental designation, propagation type, species, breeder or supplier, and release date for zoysiagrass cultivars used across the United States.

 ^w Type of establishment (propagation) method typically used by practitioners for each cultivar. Genotypes available by seed are typically seeded, with other genotypes typically established vegetatively (Veg) by sprigs, plugs, or sod.

 ^x Year released or made available to public.

 ^y Indicates that the cultivar was commercially available in the United States in 2009.

 ^z Formerly Zoysia japonica Steud. x. Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Thiele (17), now Z. japonica x. Z. pacifica Goudsw. (2).

Table 2. Turfgrass quality rankings and genetic color ratings for zoysiagrass cultivars entered into National Turfgrass Evaluation Trials in 1991, 1996, or 2002. Rankings are given separately for the transition zone and the southern USA. 1 = best ranked cultivar.

 ^w Turf quality rankings (based on turfgrass color, density, uniformity, texture, and susceptibility to disease or environmental stress) were compiled from the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP). Transition zone rankings were developed after averaging values where available (32,33,34) across up to 14 states [Arkansas, Idaho, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia], across four years (1992-1995; 1997-2000; 2003-2006) and across two management regimes in 2002 (Schedules A and B, NTEP). Southern United States rankings were developed by averaging rankings across 8 states [Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Mississippi, and Texas] for the same time periods and management regimes. For each set of data (transition zone and southern United States) means were sorted and a ranking was assigned for each cultivar with the highest ranking being assigned to the cultivars with the highest mean turf quality.

 ^x Turf color was determined as the mean of NTEP values (32,33,34) across 14 or more states and 17 or more locations. Turf genetic color was visually evaluated on a scale of 1 to 9, with 9 representing ideal, dark green turf and 1 representing tan or brown turf. NTEP values for genetic color reflect the inherent color of the genotype. The turf color rating scale ranges from 1 to 9 with 1 being light green and 9 being dark green.

 ^y Indicates that the cultivar was commercially available in the United States in 2009.

 ^z Empty table cells indicate no data was reported for this cultivar in the cited experiment.

Table 3. Establishment, stolon growth, zoysiagrass coverage and spread, divot recovery, clipping yield, leaf width and texture of zoysiagrass cultivars commonly grown in the United States. Only cultivars tested in research trials are included in this table.

 ^r From Patton et al. (40). Zoysiagrass coverage was measured 91 days after planting (DAP) of a 64 cm² plug.

 ^s From Hall et al. (21). Zoysiagrass coverage during establishment in Texas averaged across planting method (sprigs or plugs) on 28 August.

 ^t Adapted from Dunn (10). Zoysiagrass approximate coverage during establishment in Missouri averaged across nitrogen rate.

 ^u From Karcher et al. (26). Number of days required for 50% recovery following divot injury in Arkansas in 2003 and 2004. Divot recovery data from 2008-2009 adapted from Trappe et al. (55) across four collection dates. Moderate (M) recovery or slow (S) recovery from divot injury.

 ^v Adapted from Trappe et al. (57). Low clipping yields (L) and medium clipping yields (M).

 ^w From Patton (37).

 ^x Texture was determined as the mean of NTEP values (32,33,34) across 14 or more states and 17 or more locations. Texture was visually evaluated on a scale of 1 to 9, with 9 equaling fine texture or narrow leaf blades.

 ^y Indicates that the cultivar was commercially available in the United States in 2009.

 ^z Empty table cells indicate no data was reported for this cultivar in the cited experiment.

Table 4. Winter hardiness of zoysiagrass cultivars commonly grown in the United States.
Only cultivars tested for winter hardiness in research trials are included in this table.

 ^u Winter injury in West Lafayette, IN, located north of the transition zone. Freeze tolerance (LT50) was determined through artificial cold acclimation and freezing and values represent the temperature that which 50% of the population was killed. Data were adapted from values reported by Patton and Reicher (38).

 ^v Winter survival in New Franklin, MO, located in the transition zone, in 1994. Ratings were based on a scale 1 to 9 with 9 = shoots 100% green (100% winter survival) and 1 = shoots dormant or dead (0% winter survival). Data were adapted from values reported by Dunn et al. (10).

 ^w Winter survival in Manhattan, KS, located in the transition zone, in 2001. Ratings were based on a scale 0 to 9 with 9 = most winter survival and 0 = least winter survival. Data were adapted from values reported by Fry (18).

 ^x Winter kill means across five locations (1 in Nebraska, 3 in Maryland, and 1 in Oklahoma) located in the transition zone. Data were adapted from values reported by Morris (32).

 ^y Indicates that the cultivar was commercially available in the United States in 2009.

 ^z Empty table cells indicate no data was reported for this cultivar in the cited experiment.

Table 5. Environmental stress tolerance of zoysiagrass cultivars commonly grown in the United States. Only cultivars tested in research trials are included in this table.

 ^o From White et al. (60). Supplemental irrigation requirement to prevent wilting. Mean of three years (1989-1991) in Dallas, TX, with an average annual rainfall of 1118 mm (44.0 inch).

 ^p From Marcum et al. (29).

 ^q Adapted from Table 2 of Beard and Sifers (4). Mean of d60, d90, and d120 percent leaf firing in College Station, TX. 100% = complete leaf firing or brown turf.

 ^r From Kim et al. (27). Leaf firing after 35 days of drought in 1985 in College Station, TX. High=>50% leaf firing; Medium (Med.) = 10 to 50% leaf firing; Low = <10% leaf firing.

 ^s From Chalmers et al. (9). Leaf firing after 20 days of drought in 2006 and 30 days of drought in 2007 in San Antonio, TX. High values indicate drought tolerance; 9 = no leaf firing.

 ^t From Marcum et al. (30). Low values indicate salinity tolerance.

 ^u From Qian et al. (41). Low values indicate salinity tolerance.

 ^v Adapted from Riffell et al. (47) Table 6. Cultivars were assigned a turf performance index (TPI) value of 1 each time they appeared in the top statistical grouping when rated for coverage, quality, color, and density and a value of 0 when not in the top statistical group. There were a total of 38 evaluations in this study with a maximum TPI of 38.

 ^w Adapted from Sladek et al. (53). Greatest shade tolerance (G), poorest shade tolerance (P).

 ^x Adapted from Trappe et al. (56). Good shade tolerance (G), fair shade tolerance (F), poor shade tolerance (P).

 ^y Indicates that the cultivar was commercially available in the United States in 2009.

 ^z Empty table cells indicate no data was reported for this cultivar in the cited experiment.

Table 6. Insect, nematode, disease resistance/susceptibility ratings for zoysiagrass cultivars commonly grown in the United States. Only cultivars tested for tolerance to various pests are included in this table. The pest tolerance of cultivars not included in this table remains largely unknown.

 ^r Fall armyworm resistance ratings adapted from Reinert et al. (44,46,48), Braman et al. (5). Tropical sod webworm resistance ratings adapted from Reinert and Engelke (43) and Reinert et al. (45). Zoysiagrass mite resistance ratings adapted from Reinert et al. (47). Tawny mole cricket resistance ratings adapted from Braman et al. (6). Two-lined spittlebug resistance ratings adapted from Shortman et al. (52). Highly resistant (HR), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), highly susceptible (HS).

 ^s From Eickhoff et al. (12).

 ^t Zoysiagrass resistance to hunting billbug from J. A. Reinert (personal communication, 2007), Reinert and Engelke (42); and adapted from Huang (25). Resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), susceptible (S), most susceptible (S+).

 ^u Zoysiagrass resistance to red-imported fire ant from J. A. Reinert (personal communication, 2009). Resistant (R), moderately resistant/susceptible (M), susceptible (S).

 ^v From Murray et al. (35). Susceptible (S), very susceptible (VS).

 ^w Adapted from Schwartz et al. (51) and Busey et al. (7). Susceptible (S), most susceptible (S+).

 ^x Adapted from greenhouse study by Metz et al. (31). Moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), highly susceptible (HS).

 ^y Indicates that the cultivar was commercially available in the United States in 2009.

 ^z Empty table cells indicate no data was reported for this cultivar in the cited experiment.

© 2009 Plant Management Network.