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© 2004 Plant Management Network.
Accepted for publication 16 April 2004. Published XX May 2004.


From White, R. H., Hale, T. C., Chalmers, D. R., Hall, M. H., Thomas, J. C., and
Menn, W. G. 2004. Cultural management of selected ultradwarf bermudagrass
cultivars. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2004-05XX-01-RS.

Table 1. Particle size distribution and physical properties of the
root zone mixture used in this study.

Particle Size Distribution
Fraction Particle Diameter Amount
(inches) (mm) (lb/lb)
Sand 0.002-0.079 0.05-2.00 0.987
Silt 0.00008-0.002 0.002-0.05 0.006
Clay <0.00008 <0.002 0.004
Fine Gravel 0.079-0.157 2.0-4.0 0.003
Very Coarse Sand 0.039-0.079 1.0-2.0 0.02
Coarse Sand 0.020-0.039 0.50-1.00 0.148
Medium Sand 0.010-0.020 0.25-0.50 0.515
Fine Sand 0.006-0.010 0.15-0.25 0.252
Very Fine Sand 0.002-0.006 0.05-0.15 0.052
Physical Properties
Parameter Units Measured Value
Sat. Hyd. Conductivity in/hr 16.3
Bulk Density lb/ft3 101.0
Total Pore Space in/in3 0.380
Capillary Pore Space in/in3 0.304
Air-Filled Pore Space in/in3 0.076
Organic Matter Content in/in3 0.019


Table 2. Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on thatch depth, of five
dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP* Thatch Depth (in)
Tifdwarf
  6† 10 14 18
14 0.00a‡ 0.00a 0.00a 0.01a
19 0.00b 0.01b 0.05a 0.05a
26 0.17a 0.21a 0.19a 0.24a
30 0.00a 0.01a 0.02a 0.06a
38 0.46a 0.49a 0.44a 0.46a
42 0.47a 0.53a 0.49a 0.51a
49 0.67a 0.74a 0.80a 0.73a
53 0.56a 0.50a 0.50a 0.49a
60 0.67a 0.75a 0.81a 0.73a
63 0.56a 0.62a 0.70a 0.72a
Champion
  6† 10 14 18
14 0.00a 0.06a 0.04a 0.08a
19 0.26b 0.29b 0.31ab 0.42a
26 0.40a 0.47a 0.43a 0.44a
30 0.53a 0.61a 0.52a 0.54a
38 0.58a 0.52a 0.37a 0.37a
42 0.44a 0.39a 0.39a 0.44a
49 0.54a 0.35a 0.48a 0.47a
53 0.35a 0.31a 0.49a 0.42a
60 0.55a 0.35a 0.48a 0.48a
63 0.38a 0.43a 0.54a 0.54a
Floradwarf
  6† 10 14 18
14 0.00b 0.07a 0.03ab 0.06a
19 0.09b 0.27a 0.21ab 0.33a
26 0.28b 0.37ab 0.36ab 0.46a
30 0.12b 0.27a 0.27a 0.35a
38 0.42a 0.44a 0.46a 0.41a
42 0.47a 0.46a 0.54a 0.52a
49 0.55a 0.60a 0.73a 0.58a
53 0.51a 0.63a 0.55a 0.67a
60 0.55a 0.60a 0.74a 0.58a
63 0.46a 0.50a 0.49a 0.57a
Miniverde
  6† 10 14 18
14 0.05a 0.04a 0.11a 0.03a
19 0.04c 0.11bc 0.23ab 0.30a
26 0.23a 0.30a 0.31a 0.35a
30 0.07b 0.23a 0.33a 0.28a
38 0.65a 0.70a 0.75a 0.70a
42 0.68a 0.73a 0.74a 0.77a
49 0.81a 0.79a 0.73a 0.74a
53 0.57a 0.55a 0.52a 0.47a
60 0.83a 0.81a 0.75a 0.75a
63 0.56a 0.63a 0.68a 0.64a
Tifeagle
  6† 10 14 18
14 0.00a 0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
19 0.10b 0.20a 0.19ab 0.27a
26 0.37a 0.32a 0.39a 0.39a
30 0.31a 0.37a 0.38a 0.45a
38 0.49a 0.52a 0.55a 0.51a
42 0.53a 0.51a 0.56a 0.47a
49 0.52a 0.60a 0.69a 0.69a
53 0.40a 0.46a 0.45a 0.48a
60 0.52a 0.60a 0.70a 0.68a
63 0.47b 0.57ab 0.56ab 0.65a

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † Values in this row represent nitrogen application rates in lbs of N
per 1,000 ft2/year.

 ‡ Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter
do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 3. Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on shoot density, of five
dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP*

Shoot Density (shoots per in2)

Tifdwarf
  6† 10 14 18
14 44.9c‡ 78.9b 83.6ab 101.8a
19 88.3a 93.2a 105.4a 100.1a
26 78.5b 85.6ab 88.8ab 108.0a
30 103.3b 112.3b 125.6a 133.3a
38 55.2a 60.2a 70.6a 75.7a
42 111.1a 114.2a 110.0a 109.0a
49 68.4a 37.4ab 36.2ab 26.5b
53 78.8a 69.4a 75.2a 94.5a
60 70.0a 38.3ab 37.1ab 27.2b
63 86.4a 86.9a 90.8a 95.1a

Champion
  6† 10 14 18
14 102.2b 153.8ab 150.4ab 175.3a
19 187.3b 212.3a 181.8b 192.8ab
26 109.7a 153.1a 141.4a 143.1a
30 166.8a 173.8a 138.0a 135.0a
38 59.1a 56.0a 52.9a 49.8a
42 120.7a 99.9a 124.4a 126.9a
49 24.9a 29.9a 19.1a 28.3a
53 91.1a 102.1a 95.1a 107.3a
60 25.6a 30.7a 19.6a 29.0a
63 103.4a 101.7a 118.9a 111.8a

Floradwarf
  6† 10 14 18
14 53.0b 96.3a 98.6a 111.1a
19 126.4a 141.4a 134.3a 144.3a
26 73.8b 99.9ab 104.0ab 117.8a
30 94.5a 113.2a 115.7a 129.7a
38 59.3a 60.1a 73.6a 82.4a
42 143.2a 156.6a 160.8a 149.9a
49 28.5a 18.0a 21.4a 11.4a
53 87.7a 84.5a 91.9a 102.2a
60 29.1a 18.5a 22.0a 11.6a
63 105.5a 92.4a 108.0a 115.2a
Miniverde
  6† 10 14 18
14 92.8c 123.9b 176.6a 169.7a
19 145.8b 179.9a 184.0a 186.9a
26 99.7c 134.1b 163.2ab 171.3a
30 163.2b 197.6ab 198.7ab 218.3a
38 85.6a 123.7a 127.7a 123.1a
42 191.1a 172.0ab 146.3ab 137.8b
49 25.6a 22.0a 12.0a 5.9a
53 113.9a 101.1a 115.7a 111.6a
60 26.2a 22.5a 12.3a 6.1a
63 111.6a 113.6a 115.6a 110.1a
Tifeagle
  6† 10 14 18
14 86.0b 97.0ab 126.6ab 139.0a
19 132.7a 144.8a 147.1a 155.5a
26 97.1b 112.1ab 132.8ab 135.1a
30 125.4b 132.9ab 139.4a 141.8a
38 100.5a 90.3a 91.8a 77.6a
42 116.7a 106.4a 143.7a 136.5a
49 97.0a 64.8ab 34.3bc 29.7c
53 119.2a 122.2a 123.6a 139.9a
60 99.4a 66.3b 35.1bc 28.4c
63 98.9a 105.3a 106.4a 118.0a

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † Values in this row represent nitrogen application rates in lbs of N
per 1,000 ft2/year.

 ‡ Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter
do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 4. Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on turf quality, of
five dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP*

Turf Quality
Tifdwarf
  6† 10 14 18
14 2.7c‡ 3.8b 4.8a 5.3a
19 2.0a 2.4a 2.8a 2.7a
26 4.2a 4.7a 3.8a 3.7a
38 3.9a 4.0a 4.4a 4.5a
42 4.7a 4.8a 4.8a 4.8a
49 3.5a 2.8ab 2.3b 2.1b
53 3.8a 3.5a 3.7a 3.5a
60 5.5a 5.8a 5.3a 4.8a
63 4.1a 5.0a 5.5a 6.2a
Champion
  6† 10 14 18
14 4.4c 4.8bc 5.3ab 5.8a
19 1.5b 2.4ab 2.3ab 2.7a
26 5.3a 4.8a 3.3b 2.7b
38 3.4a 3.0ab 2.7b 2.9ab
42 3.2a 3.2a 3.6a 3.6a
49 2.8a 2.9a 3.0a 2.8a
53 3.3a 3.6a 3.6a 3.9a
60 5.5ab 5.8a 5.6a 4.2b
63 3.0a 3.4a 5.2a 5.3a
Floradwarf
  6† 10 14 18
14 1.8b 3.1a 3.2a 3.7a
19 1.8c 2.0bc 2.4ab 2.6a
26 2.7b 4.1a 3.1b 4.0a
38 3.2a 3.3a 3.7a 4.2a
42 3.8a 4.7a 4.8a 5.0a
49 3.7a 3.6a 3.3a 2.8b
53 3.9a 4.1a 3.8a 4.2a
60 5.8a 6.8a 6.6a 5.8a
63 4.4b 5.6ab 6.0a 6.6a
Miniverde
  6† 10 14 18
14 4.1b 4.7b 5.3ab 6.4a
19 2.3c 2.8bc 3.5ab 3.8a
26 5.0a 5.5a 5.0a 4.7a
38 4.6b 5.7ab 6.0a 6.4a
42 6.6a 5.8ab 5.2ab 4.4b
49 2.8a 2.2a 2.2a 2.1a
53 5.1a 4.3a 4.5a 3.7a
60 4.2a 4.6a 4.6a 3.5a
63 3.9a 4.0a 4.5a 4.4a
Tifeagle
  6† 10 14 18
14 3.5b 4.3ab 4.4ab 5.3a
19 2.6b 3.0a 3.2a 3.3a
26 4.6a 4.9a 4.5a 4.5a
38 3.8a 4.0a 4.3a 4.0a
42 4.0a 4.3a 5.1a 5.3a
49 2.8a 2.8a 2.4a 2.0a
53 4.7a 5.1a 4.6a 4.8a
60 5.3a 5.9a 5.6a 4.9a
63 4.7c 5.8b 6.3ab 6.8a

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † Values in this row represent nitrogen application rates in lbs
of N per 1,000 ft2/year.

 ‡ Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same
letter do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 5. Effect of vertical mowing regimes on thatch accumulation of five dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP* Thatch Depth (in)
Tifdwarf Champion Floradwarf Miniverde Tifeagle
FLVM† IHVM‡ FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM
14 0.00a§ 0.00a 0.04a 0.05a 0.05a 0.03a 0.07a 0.05a 0.00a 0.00a
19 0.03a 0.03a 0.32a 0.32a 0.24a 0.21a 0.17a 0.17a 0.18a 0.20a
26 0.20a 0.21a 0.45a 0.42a 0.36a 0.38a 0.30a 0.29a 0.39a 0.34b
30 0.02a 0.02a 0.55a 0.56a 0.24a 0.26a 0.24a 0.22a 0.40a 0.36a
38 0.48a 0.45a 0.48a 0.44a 0.43a 0.43a 0.71a 0.69a 0.54a 0.49a
42 0.50a 0.50a 0.41a 0.42a 0.50a 0.50a 0.71a 0.75a 0.50a 0.53a
49 0.77a 0.70a 0.48a 0.44a 0.64a 0.59a 0.76a 0.78a 0.64a 0.61a
53 0.53a 0.49a 0.38a 0.40a 0.59a 0.59a 0.48b 0.57a 0.44a 0.45a
60 0.78a 0.70a 0.49a 0.44a 0.64a 0.59a 0.78a 0.80a 0.63a 0.62a
63 0.67a 0.62a 0.50a 0.45a 0.50a 0.51a 0.55b 0.71a 0.62a 0.51b

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † FLVM = frequent light vertical mowing.

 ‡ IHVM = infrequent heavy vertical mowing.

 § Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 6. Effect of vertical mowing regimes on shoot density, of five dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP* Shoot Density (shoots per in2)
Tifdwarf Champion Floradwarf Miniverde Tifeagle
FLVM† IHVM‡ FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM
14 78.9a§ 75.7a 148.6a 142.3a 91.9a 87.6a 148.0a 133.5b 120.1a 104.2a
19 94.0a 99.5a 192.9a 194.2a 137.3a 135.9a 172.5a 175.8a 144.9a 145.2a
26 89.7a 90.7a 130.7a 142.9a 98.8a 99.0a 145.4a 138.7b 123.1a 115.5a
30 117.2a 120.1a 145.0b 161.8a 108.9a 117.6a 196.9a 192.0a 137.5a 132.3a
38 68.2a 62.6a 58.2a 50.7a 71.4a 66.2a 119.1a 111.0a 90.8a 89.4a
42 112.4a 109.8a 101.5b 134.4a 146.1a 159.2a 150.4b 173.1a 117.6b 134.1a
49 28.3b 55.9a 29.2a 22.0a 21.7a 17.9a 17.4a 15.3a 64.5a 48.4b
53 75.3a 83.6a 91.8a 106.0a 84.5b 98.7a 103.8a 117.3a 127.2a 125.3a
60 29.0b 57.3a 29.9a 22.5a 22.2a 18.4a 17.8a 15.7a 65.0a 49.6b
63 90.0a 89.6a 110.1a 107.8a 109.2a 101.3a 110.6a 114.8a 108.8a 105.6a

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † FLVM = frequent light vertical mowing.

 ‡ IHVM = infrequent heavy vertical mowing.

 § Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 7. Effect of vertical mowing regimes on turf quality of five dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP* Turf Quality
Tifdwarf Champion Floradwarf Miniverde Tifeagle
FLVM† IHVM‡ FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM FLVM IHVM
14 4.5a§ 3.8b 5.5a 4.7b 3.6a 2.3b 5.6a 4.6b 5.3a 3.5b
19 3.5a 1.5b 3.3a 1.1b 3.1a 1.3b 4.3a 2.0b 4.1a 1.9b
26 4.4a 3.8b 4.2a 3.9a 3.5a 3.5a 5.3a 4.8b 5.0a 4.3a
38 4.3a 4.1a 3.1a 2.9a 3.7a 3.4a 5.6a 5.6a 3.8a 4.3a
42 4.5a 4.9a 2.9b 3.9a 3.7b 5.5a 4.3b 6.7a 3.9b 5.4a
49 2.4b 2.9a 2.8a 2.9a 3.1b 3.6a 2.2a 2.5a 2.5a 2.4a
53 3.1b 4.1a 3.0b 4.2a 3.1b 4.9a 3.6b 5.2a 3.8b 5.8a
60 5.3a 5.4a 5.3a 5.2a 6.2a 6.3a 3.7b 4.7a 5.1a 5.8a
63 5.4a 5.0b 4.6a 3.8a 6.5a 4.8b 4.9a 3.5b 6.5a 5.2b

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † FLVM = frequent light vertical mowing.

 ‡ IHVM = infrequent heavy vertical mowing.

 § Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 8. Effect of topdressing regimes on thatch accumulation of five dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP Thatch Depth (in)
Tifdwarf Champion Floradwarf Miniverde Tifeagle
FLTD† IHTD‡ FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD
14 0.00a§ 0.00a 0.04a 0.05a 0.05a 0.03a 0.06a 0.06a 0.00a 0.00a
19 0.01a 0.04a 0.34a 0.30a 0.24a 0.21a 0.16a 0.18a 0.19a 0.19a
26 0.19a 0.21a 0.44a 0.43a 0.37a 0.37a 0.30a 0.30a 0.35a 0.38a
30 0.02a 0.03a 0.55a 0.55a 0.26a 0.24a 0.25a 0.21a 0.38a 0.37a
38 0.48a 0.45a 0.46a 0.46a 0.42a 0.44a 0.70a 0.70a 0.52a 0.51a
42 0.52a 0.48a 0.45a 0.38b 0.56a 0.44a 0.83a 0.64a 0.57a 0.46b
49 0.79a 0.68b 0.47a 0.45a 0.67a 0.56b 0.82a 0.72a 0.65a 0.60a
53 0.52a 0.50a 0.38a 0.40a 0.62a 0.56a 0.53a 0.52a 0.46a 0.43a
60 0.80a 0.68b 0.47a 0.46a 0.68a 0.56b 0.84a 0.73a 0.65a 0.60a
63 0.59a 0.71a 0.46a 0.50a 0.43b 0.58a 0.63a 0.62a 0.53a 0.59a

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † FLTD = frequent light topdressing.

 ‡ IHTD = infrequent heavy topdressing.

 § Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 9. Effect of topdressing regimes on shoot density, of five dwarf bermudagrasses over a
63-month period.

MAP* Shoot Density (shoots per in2)
Tifdwarf Champion Floradwarf Miniverde Tifeagle
FLTD† IHTD‡ FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD
14 73.7a§ 80.9a 141.6a 149.3a 91.9a 87.6a 142.3a 139.2a 112.2a 112.2a
19 94.3a 99.2a 192.5a 194.5a 139.4a 133.8a 171.9a 176.4a 144.5a 145.6a
26 87.7a 92.7a 134.8a 138.8a 99.9a 97.9a 141.9a 142.2a 120.2a 118.4a
30 121.8a 115.4a 158.3a 148.5a 113.8a 112.7a 192.3a 196.6a 136.0a 133.7a
38 68.2a 62.6a 58.8a 50.2a 79.8a 57.9a 126.7a 103.3b 95.7a 84.5a
42 110.3a 111.9a 125.6a 110.4a 152.8a 152.4a 165.1a 158.4a 124.1a 127.5a
49 41.5a 42.7a 29.1a 22.0a 17.9a 21.7a 19.2a 13.5a 61.6a 51.3a
53 81.3a 77.6a 105.7a 92.1a 92.8a 90.3a 117.6a 103.6a 127.8a 124.7a
60 42.5a 43.8a 29.9a 22.6a 18.4a 22.2a 19.7a 13.9a 62.1a 52.5a
63 94.8a 84.8a 115.4a 102.5a 110.3a 100.2a 112.8a 112.6a 115.4a 98.9a

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † FLTD = frequent light topdressing.

 ‡ IHTD = infrequent heavy topdressing.

 § Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter do not differ at P = 0.05.

Table 10. Effect of topdressing regimes on turf quality of five dwarf bermudagrasses over a 63-month period.

MAP* Turf Quality
Tifdwarf Champion Floradwarf Miniverde Tifeagle
FLTD† IHTD‡ FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD FLTD IHTD
14 4.0a§ 4.3a 4.9a 5.3a 3.0a 2.8a 5.0a 5.2a 4.2a 4.5a
19 2.5a 2.4a 2.4a 2.0b 2.3a 2.1b 3.2a 3.0a 3.0a 3.0a
26 3.8a 4.4a 4.0a 4.0a 3.2a 3.7a 5.0a 5.0a 4.5a 4.7a
38 4.1a 4.2a 3.0a 3.0a 3.7a 3.5a 5.8a 5.5a 4.2a 3.9a
42 5.0a 4.5a 3.5a 3.4a 4.9a 4.3b 5.8a 5.3a 4.9a 4.5a
49 2.7a 2.6a 2.9a 2.8a 3.3a 3.4a 2.3a 2.3a 2.4b 2.5a
53 3.6a 3.6a 3.8a 3.5a 4.0a 4.0a 4.5a 4.3a 5.0a 4.6b
60 5.5a 5.3a 5.4a 5.1a 6.0b 6.6a 4.3a 4.2a 5.6a 5.2a
63 5.1a 5.3a 4.3a 4.1a 5.5a 5.8a 4.4a 4.0a 5.7a 6.0a

 * MAP = months after planting.

 † FLTD = frequent light topdressing.

 ‡ IHTD = infrequent heavy topdressing.

 § Values within a given row and cultivar followed by the same letter do not differ at P = 0.05.