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© 2006 Plant Management Network.
Accepted for publication 18 March 2006. Published 5 May 2006.

Synopsis of Fungi Listed as Regulated Plant Pests by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Notes on Nomenclature, Disease, Plant Hosts, and Geographic Distribution

Erica T. Cline Post-Doctoral Researcher, and David F. Farr, Research Scientist, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville MD 20705-2350

Corresponding author: Erica T. Cline. ecline@nt.ars-grin.gov

Cline, E. T. and Farr, D. F. 2006. Synopsis of fungi listed as regulated plant pests by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Notes on nomenclature, disease, plant hosts, and geographic distribution. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2006-0505-01-DG.

Abstract

To prevent the entry of exotic fungal pathogens, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has compiled a list of regulated plant pests of concern to the U.S., including more than 50 species of fungi that might cause serious economic or environmental damage. The fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List represent some of the most significant threats to U.S. agriculture. For each of these fungal species, a synopsis was prepared that presents notes on nomenclature, disease, plant hosts, and geographic distribution. The following scientific names should be updated: Cercospora batatas (Pseudocercospora timorensis), Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri (Chrysomyxa rhododendri), Crinipellis perniciosa (Moniliophthora perniciosa), Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae (Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae), Pucciniastrum areolatum (Thekopsora areolata), and Stereum hiugense (Xylobolus hiugensis). Nomenclatural controversies are discussed for some species, including Diaporthe mali and Monilinia fructigena. Changes in nomenclature often reflect advances in taxonomic understanding, resulting in transfers to a different genus, modifications of lists of taxonomic synonyms, or establishing anamorph/teleomorph connections. These changes can have important implications for accurately determining the geographic distribution and host range of a fungus. Accurate information about scientific names, geographic distribution, and plant host range is essential in determining pest risk and in preventing the introduction and spread of invasive fungal pathogens.

Table of Contents

• Introduction

• Aecidium hydrangeae-paniculatae; Alternate State (Teleomorph): Puccinia glyceriae

• Aecidium mori

• Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae Note: Listed by APHIS as Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae; Alternate State (Teleomorph): Phacidium coniferarum

• Beauveria spp.

• Ceratocystis fimbriata

• Cercospora batatas: See Pseudocercospora timorensis

• Chrysomyxa abietis

• Chrysomyxa himalensis

• Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri: See Chrysomyxa rhododendri

• Chrysomyxa rhododendri Note: Listed by APHIS as Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri; Alternate State (Anamorph): Uredo rhododendri

• Crinipellis perniciosa var. perniciosa: See Moniliophthora perniciosa

• Cronartium flaccidum; Alternate State (Anamorph): Peridermium cornui

• Diaporthe mali Bres. 1902

• Elsinoë australis; Alternate State (Anamorph): Sphaceloma australis

• Elsinoë batatas; Alternate State (Anamorph): Sphaceloma batatas

• Entomophthora spp.

• Entyloma oryzae

• Fusarium fuliginosporum

• Guignardia pyricola

• Gymnosporangium asiaticum; Alternate State (Anamorph): Roestelia koreensis

• Hemileia vastatrix

• Lachnellula willkommii

• Melanomma glumarum

• Monilinia fructigena and Related Brown Fruit Rots.

• Monilinia fructigena; Alternate State (Anamorph): Monilia fructigena

• Moniliophthora perniciosa Note: Listed by APHIS as Crinipellis perniciosa

• Moniliophthora roreri

• Oncobasidium theobromae

• Oospora oryzetorum Sacc. 1916 Note: Not a fungus.

• Peronosclerospora maydis

• Peronosclerospora philippinensis

• Peronosclerospora sacchari

• Pestalotiopsis disseminata

• Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae: See Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae

• Phialophora cinerescens (Wollenw.) J.F.H. Beyma 1940

• Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman 1940

• Pseudocercospora timorensis Note: Listed by APHIS as Cercospora batatae

• Pseudopezicula tracheiphila; Alternate State (Anamorph): Phialophora tracheiphila

• Puccinia gladioli; Alternate State (Anamorph): Aecidium valerianellae

• Puccinia horiana

• Puccinia mccleanii

• Pucciniastrum actinidiae

• Pucciniastrum areolatum: See Thekopsora areolata

• Rhacodiella vitis

• Rosellinia necatrix; Alternate State (Anamorph): Dematophora necatrix

• Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae

• Septoria melanosa var. melanosa

• Stereum hiugense: See Xylobolus hiugensis

• Stigmina deflectens

• Synchytrium endobioticum Note: APHIS Select Agent

• Thekopsora areolata Note: Listed by APHIS as Pucciniastrum areolatum; Alternate State (Anamorph): Aecidium strobilinum

• Tilletia indica

• Trachysphaera fructigena

• Uredo dioscoreae-alatae; Alternate State (Teleomorph) Goplana dioscoreae nom. illeg.

• Uredo gladioli-buettneri

• Urocystis agropyri

• Urocystis tritici

• Uromyces gladioli

• Uromyces nyikensis

• Uromyces transversalis; Alternate State (Anamorph): Uredo transversalis

• Uromycladium tepperianum

• Xylobolus hiugensis Note: Listed by APHIS as Stereum huigense

Introduction

Pathogenic fungi annually cause billions of dollars of damage to agricultural crops, roughly equal in value to that caused by insect damage. It is critical that agricultural production as well as non-cultivated plant resources be protected by preventing the entry of invasive fungal pathogens. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has compiled a list of plant pests of quarantine concern to the U.S., including more than 50 species of fungi. The APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List includes pests from the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR 300-399), pests frequently intercepted at U.S. ports of entry, and pests that otherwise might cause serious economic or environmental damage. The list provides an official foundation for policy decisions surrounding trade and plant quarantine issues. As such, the list plays a critical role in safeguarding U.S. agriculture and protecting native ecosystems.

The fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List represent some of the most significant threats to U.S. agriculture. It is important to ensure that accurate information is accessible to all stakeholders. We have prepared a synopsis for each of the fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List giving scientific names, connections to alternate states (i.e., anamorph/teleomorph), and taxonomic synonyms based on the most recent taxonomic publications. This information is critical for accurately determining the geographic distribution and host range for a fungus. For example, a fungus may be reported only under the name of a synonym in some regions. Some fungi may occur on one host as an anamorph but on an alternate host as a teleomorph. This is particularly common for the rusts, which represent nearly half of the species on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List.

Three of the fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List are also listed as APHIS Select Agents: Peronosclerospora philippinensis, Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae, and Synchytrium endobioticum. Select Agents are chosen based on their potential to cause substantial harm to human, plant, or animal health. They are tightly regulated by APHIS in keeping with their mandate to prevent, prepare for, and respond to acts of bioterrorism and other public health emergencies that could threaten either public health and safety or American agriculture.

We have limited the scope of this paper to the fungi included on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List, but many additional plant pathogenic fungi not already in the U.S. and not on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List are also of quarantine concern. The APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List must periodically be revised to reflect updated information or changes in the status of pests (e.g., geographic distribution), and name changes for taxonomic or nomenclatural reasons. In some cases, the listed fungus may be a harmless saprobe or endophyte, or occur only on insects (e.g., Beauveria spp., Entomophthora spp., Cordyceps spp.). Other plant pests may already be widespread in the United States, so that quarantine is pointless. We have consciously refrained from expressing any judgement as to the appropriateness of including each of these fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List. We have prepared these synopses in the hopes that, by providing updated nomenclature, host range, and geographic distribution, this information will establish a foundation for future revisions of the list.

A web-based publication is particularly appropriate for this subject, because it makes it possible to direct the reader to additional information — in particular, to the continuously updated nomenclature and fungus-host records available from the Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory (SBML) website of the USDA Agricultural Research Service (2).

To ensure accuracy and clarity of communication, scientific names are used to designate the pests included in the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List. Scientific names are regulated by a codified set of rules, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (3). Scientific names may change occasionally, often to conform to changes in taxonomic judgment or recent scientific discoveries about the relationships of these fungi (e.g., Moniliophthora perniciosa). Names may sometimes change as a result of changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) voted upon by the International Botanical Congress. Name changes sometimes can result in confusion; access to critical information may be lost when literature or data records are associated with incorrect names.

The SBML has developed a database of accepted scientific names and their synonyms of fungi of importance to agriculture. The accepted scientific name is linked to known nomenclatural or taxonomic synonyms, which allows the user to search under all present and historical names for data about geographic distribution, plant host associations, herbarium specimens, and scientific literature references. Another website providing information about fungal accepted scientific names and synonyms is Index Fungorum (1).

In updating the SBML nomenclature database, the authors encountered several names on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List which should be corrected to reflect currently accepted scientific names. These include Cercospora batatas (Pseudocercospora timorensis), Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri (Chrysomyxa rhododendri), Crinipellis perniciosa (Moniliophthora perniciosa), Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae (Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae), Pucciniastrum areolatum (Thekopsora areolata), and Stereum hiugense (Xylobolus hiugensis). We also encountered cases where inadequate information or controversy surrounding nomenclature could result in confusion. For example, see Diaporthe mali Bres. 1902, not to be confused with Diaporthe mali Miura 1915, a synonym of Diaporthe eres Nitschke 1870. There is also considerable confusion concerning Monilinia fructigena and related brown fruit rots.

For each fungus on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List, we provide a synopsis of the currently accepted scientific name (in green font), all known nomenclatural synonyms (preceded by ≡), and all known taxonomic synonyms (preceded by =). Dates of publication and discrepancies of author citation have been verified by consulting historical literature, i.e., the original protologue or diagnosis, when possible. Homonyms and invalid names are denoted by brackets. The format generally follows that of the SBML nomenclature website. Notes on nomenclature, including citations of relevant Articles of the ICBN, are provided for additional clarification. Sources consulted to produce nomenclatural reports are cited at the end of each entry, as are those associated with controversial taxonomic judgments.

Brief notes on geographic distribution, substrate, disease characteristics, and plant hosts provide a summary of information available for the fungus, based upon data from the accepted name and all its synonyms. The American Phytopathological Society (APS) Common Names of Plant Diseases were followed when available. These notes represent data available at the time of publication. For the most recently updated information, and documented links to more detailed explanations, we refer the reader to the SBML nomenclature website where searches can be performed using the accepted scientific name of a fungus and any of its synonyms.

Within the document, links allow the reader to move from the Table of Contents to listings for individual fungi. Fungi are listed alphabetically by accepted name. Names on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List that differ from the currently accepted name are listed alphabetically with a link to the appropriate accepted name (in green font). When an additional species name has been listed for comparison to a species on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List, the name for comparison is not included in the Table of Contents, and the name is listed in black font. Links to SBML webpages providing diagnostic information and other additional information are provided for some species.

We hope that by combining the latest information on these important plant pathogens within a single document, these synopses will prove useful in the effort to prevent the entry of exotic pests and combat their spread.

Literature Cited

1. CABI Bioscience. 2003. IndexFungorum: Database of fungal names. Online. CABI Bioscience, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), and Landcare Research.

2. Farr, D. F., Rossman, A. Y., Palm, M. E., and McCray, E. B. 2006. Online. Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA.

3. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). 2000. International code of botanical nomenclature (Saint Louis code), regnum vegetabile 138, electronic version. Online. W. Greuter, J. Mcneill, F. R. Barrie, H.-M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, T. S. Filgueiras, D. H. Nicolson, P. C. Silva, J. E. Skog, P. Trehane, N. J. Turland, D. L. Hawksworth, eds. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany.

Alphabetical Listing of APHIS Regulated Plant Pests

Aecidium hydrangeae-paniculatae;
Alternate State (Teleomorph): Puccinia glyceriae

Geographic Distribution: Asia (Japan, Korea).

Substrate: Leaves.

Disease Note: Heteroecious rust (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Aecidium hydrangeae-paniculatae, teleomorph Puccinia glyceriae (left) aeciospores and (right) teliospores (photo credit J. Hernandez).

Host Range: Aecial host Hydrangea spp. (Hydrangeaceae); telial and uredinial host Glyceria spp. (Poaceae). [* see Erratum].

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Aecidium hydrangeae-paniculatae Dietel 1903
Alternate State (Teleomorph): Puccinia glyceriae S. Ito 1909

Notes: Puccinia glyceriae was formerly considered a taxonomic synonym of Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm. but is now regarded as a distinct species (Hiratsuka et al. 1992).

Supporting Literature:

Hiratsuka, N., Sato, S., Katsuya, K., Kakishima, M., Hiratsuka, Y., Kaneko, S., Ono, Y., Sato, T., Harada, Y., Hiratsuka, T., and Nakayama, K. 1992. The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki, Japan.

Okane, I., and Kakishima, M. 1991. Puccinia glyceriae and its anamorph, Aecidium hydrangeae-paniculatae. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn. 32:135-139.

Click the following link for diagnostic information and detailed distributional data: Aecidium hydrangeae-paniculatae

Aecidium mori

Geographic Distribution: Asia.

Substrate: Leaves, petioles, branches, buds.

Disease Note: Rust. Only the aecial state is known (Fig. 2). The aeciospores are able to reinfect the host and therefore function as a uredinial state.

Fig. 2. Aecidium mori aecia (photo credit J. Hernandez).

Host Range: Broussonetia spp. and Morus spp. (mulberry, Moraceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Aecidium mori (Barclay) Barclay 1891

≡Caeoma mori Barclay 1890

≡Peridiopsora mori (Barclay) K.V. Prasad, B.R.D. Yadav & Sullia 1993

≡Uredo mori (Barclay) Sacc. 1891

Notes: This name was originally published as Aecidium mori Barclay n. sp. (i.e., as a new species), but this taxon was later determined by Barclay to be identical to the previously described Caeoma mori Barclay. Barclay broadened the species concept to include a fungus on Ficus palmata, which was subsequently referred to Uredo fici Cast. by Sydow in 1907 (erroneously cited as (Barclay) Syd. 1907). The new combination Peridiopsora mori (Barclay) K.V. Prasad et al. 1993 has not been widely adopted by other authors. Although Prasad et al. (1993) list Cerotelium fici (Cast.) Arthur as a taxonomic synonym (host Ficus spp.), this is generally considered to be a distinct species.

Supporting Literature:

Mordue, J. E. M. 1991. Aecidium mori. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 1031:1-2.

Prasad, K., Dayakar Yadav, B. R., and Sullia, S. B. 1993. Taxonomic status of rust on mulberry in India. Curr. Sci. 65:424-426.

Click the following link for diagnostic information and detailed distributional data: Aecidium mori

Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae
Note: Listed by APHIS as Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae;
Alternate State (Teleomorph): Phacidium coniferarum

Geographic Distribution: Native to Europe and North America (NE and NW USA), introduced into New Zealand (Punithalingam 1976). Reported in the USA by Gilman (1949), Gross and Weidensaul (1967), Hahn (1957a, b), Houston (1969), Shaw (1973), and Wicker (1965).

Substrate: Living and dead branches, stems, leaves.

Disease Note: Blue sap-stain, dieback and canker.

Host Range: Multiple genera of Pinaceae, also Sequoia gigantea (Cupressaceae).

Fungal Order: Helotiales

Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) Nag Raj 1993

≡Phomopsis pseudotsugae M. Wilson 1920

≡Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) G.G. Hahn 1957

= Ligniella pinicola Naumov 1926

    ≡ Discula pinicola (Naumov) Petr. 1928

= Discula pinicola var. mammosa Lagerb., G. Lundb. & Melin 1928

    Variant spelling Discula pinicola var. mamosa Lagerb., G. Lundb.
    & Melin 1928

= Phomopsis strobi Syd. 1922 Note: Listed as a taxonomic synonym
    by Hahn (1957a) and Smerlis (1962) but not by Nag Raj (1993).

Notes: DiCosmo (1984) argued that this anamorph belonged in Apostrasseria, but did not make the combination.

Alternate State (Teleomorph): Phacidium coniferarum (Hahn) DiCosmo, Nag Raj & Kendr. 1983

≡Phacidiella coniferarum Hahn 1957

≡Potebniamyces coniferarum (Hahn) Smerlis 1962

?= Phacidium pulverulentum J.C. Schmidt:Fr. 1817 Note: Sanctioned by Fries 1823. If accepted as synonymous, this name has priority and should be the accepted name for this fungus.

[Pseudophacidium decorticans Rehm 1885] Note: Invalid name.

Notes: Di Cosmo et al. (1984, 1983) list Phacidium pulverulentum Schmidt:Fr. 1817 as a taxonomic synonym, acknowledging that it may be the earliest valid name for this fungus. The authors rejected the use of this name due to the ambiguity of the diagnosis and the lack of authentic or type material.

Supporting Literature:

DiCosmo, F., Nag Raj, T. R., and Kendrick, B. 1983. Prodromus for a revision of the Phacidiaceae and related anamorphs. Can. J. Bot. 61:31-44.

DiCosmo, F., Nag Raj, T. R., and Kendrick, W. B. 1984. A revision of the Phacidiaceae and related anamorphs. Mycotaxon 21:1-234.

Gilman, J. C. 1949. Second supplementary list of parasitic fungi from Iowa. Iowa State J. Sci. 23:261-272.

Gross, H. L., and Weidensaul, T. C. 1967. Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae associated with bleeding cankers on hemlock. Plant Dis. Rep. 51:807-808.

Hahn, G. G. 1957. A new species of Phacidiella causing the so-called Phomopsis disease of conifers. Mycologia 49:226-239.

Hahn, G. G. 1957. Phacidiopycnis (Phomopsis) canker and dieback of conifers. Plant Dis. Rep. 41:623-633.

Houston, D. R. 1969. Basal canker of white pine. For. Sci. 15:66-83.

Nag Raj, T. R. 1993. Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-Bearing Conidia. Mycologue Publ., Waterloo, Ontario.

Punithalingam, E., and Gibson, I. A. S. 1976. Potebniamyces coniferarum. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 517:1-2.

Shaw, C. G. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Wash. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121.

Smerlis, E. 1962. Taxonomy and morphology ofPotebniamyces balsamicola sp. nov. associated with a twig and branch blight of balsam fir in Quebec. Can. J. Bot. 40:351-359.

Wicker, E. F. 1965. A Phomopsis canker on western larch. Plant Dis. Rep. 49:102-105.

Beauveria spp.

Note: All species of Beauveria occur on insects. Some species are utilized as biological control agents. While their entry into the country could have ecological consequences, members of this genus are unlikely to act as plant pests. It seems inappropriate to include this genus on the Regulated Plant Pest List.

Fungal Order: Hypocreales

Ceratocystis fimbriata

Geographic Distribution: North America, South America, Caribbean, Pacific Islands, Asia, Africa (South Africa, Congo), Australia, New Zealand. Numerous reports exist of occurrence in the USA on Ipomoea batatas, including Alfieri et al. (1984), French (1989), Raabe et al. (1981), and Shaw (1973).

Substrate: Woody branches and stems, roots, leaves, tubers.

Disease Note: The American Phytopathological Society (APS) common name is coffee canker, also known as black rot of sweetpotato, mouldy rot of rubber, trunk and branch canker of other fruit and nut trees, canker stain of forest trees, canker and wilt of pimento.

Host Range: Principal host: Ipomoea batatas (sweetpotato, Convolvulaceae). Additional hosts in multiple plant families; some host specialization exists among strains. The fungi on Theobroma cacao (cacao) and Platanus spp. (sycamore) are now considered distinct species (Engelbrecht & Harrington 2005).

Fungal Order: Microascales

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. 1890

≡Ceratostomella fimbriata (Ellis & Halst.) J.A. Elliott 1923

≡Endoconidiophora fimbriata (Ellis & Halst.) R.W. Davidson 1935

≡Ophiostoma fimbriatum (Ellis & Halst.) Nannf. 1934

≡Sphaeronaema fimbriatum (Ellis & Halst.) Sacc. 1892

= Rostrella coffeae Zimm. 1900

    ≡ Ophiostoma coffeae (Zimm.) Arx 1952

Notes: Engelbrecht & Harrington (2005) have limited the species concept of C. fimbriata to exclude the pathogen of cacao (=Ceratocystis cacaofunesta Engelb. & T.C. Harr. 2005) and of sycamore (Platanus spp., = Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelb. & T.C. Harr. 2005).

Supporting Literature:

Alfieri, S. A., Jr., Langdon, K. R., Wehlburg, C., and Kimbrough, J. W. 1984. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida (Revised). Fla. Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv. Div. Plant Ind. Bull. 11:1-389.

Engelbrecht, C. J. B., and Harrington, T. C. 2005. Intersterility, morphology and taxonomy of Ceratocystis fimbriata on sweetpotato, cacao and sycamore. Mycologia 97:57-69.

French, A. M. 1989. California Plant Disease Host Index. Calif. Dep. of Food and Agric., Sacramento.

Morgan-Jones, G. 1967. Ceratocystis fimbriata. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 141:1-2.

Raabe, R. D., Conners, I. L., and Martinez, A. P. 1981. Checklist of plant diseases in Hawaii. Coll. of Trop. Agric. and Human Resourc., Univ. of Hawaii. Info. Text Series No. 22.

Shaw, C. G. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Wash. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121.

Cercospora batatas: See Pseudocercospora timorensis

Chrysomyxa abietis

Geographic Distribution: Europe, Asia.

Substrate: Foliage.

Disease Note: Autoecious rust; needle cast.

Host Range: Picea spp. (Pinaceae), including Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (reported as Pinus abies L.).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger 1840

≡Blennoria abietis Wallr. 1834

Notes: This is the type species of the genus Chrysomyxa Unger 1840.

Supporting Literature:

Hiratsuka, N., Sato, S., Katsuya, K., Kakishima, M., Hiratsuka, Y., Kaneko, S., Ono, Y., Sato, T., Harada, Y., Hiratsuka, T., and Nakayama, K. 1992. The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki, Japan.

Mordue, J. E. M., and Gibson, I. A. S. 1978. Chrysomyxa abietis. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 576:1-2.

Chrysomyxa himalensis

Geographic Distribution: Asia.

Substrate: Foliage; leaves and leaf petioles, needles.

Disease Note: Witches’ broom rust. Demi-cyclic (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003).

Host Range: Telial host: Rhododendron spp. (Ericaceae); possible aecial host Picea smithiana (Pinaceae) (see Spaulding 1961, but also Vattiprolu & Agarwal 2002).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Chrysomyxa himalensis Barclay 1890

    Variant spelling Chrysomyxa himalense Barclay 1890

≡Melampsoropsis himalensis (Barclay) Vatt. & D.K. Agarwal 2002

≡Stilbechrysomyxa himalensis (Barclay) M.M. Chen 1984 (as 'himalense')

Notes: Chen transferred this fungus to the new genus Stilbechrysomyxa, but Cummins & Hiratsuka (2003) argue that further confirmation of placement in this segregate genus is required. Spaulding (1961) reported that the potential aecial host Picea smithiana could be infected through artificial inoculation, but Vattiprolu & Agarwal (2002) list the aecial and pycnial state as unknown.

Supporting Literature:

Cummins, G. B., and Hiratsuka, Y. 2003. Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi, 3rd. Ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Spaulding, P. 1961. Foreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World. USDA Agric. Handb. 197.

Vattiprolu, P. K., and Agarwal, D. K. 2002. Melampsoropsis himalense: A new record from India. Indian Phytopathol. 55:351-354.

Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri:
See Chrysomyxa rhododendri

Chrysomyxa rhododendri
Note: Listed by APHIS as Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Uredo rhododendri

Geographic Distribution: Europe, Asia. Introduced to New Zealand and Australia. In North America only the telial state is known; the aecial state has not been observed. It has been reported in the USA by Eglitis et al. (1966), French (1989), Gould et al. (1955), and Grand (1985).

Substrate: Leaves, petioles, fruit pedicels, twigs.

Disease Note: The APS common name is Chrysomyxa leaf rust.

Host Range: Aecial host: Picea spp. (Pinaceae). The aecial state has not been observed in North America. Telial host: Rhododendron spp. (Ericaceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Chrysomyxa rhododendri de Bary 1879

≡ [Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri (De Bary) Savile 1955] non (DC.) Savile 1950.

= Melampsora rhododendri Thüm. 1880 Note: No record of this name could be found, except for the citation by Hiratsuka 1992; possibly an invalid herbarium name.

Alternate State (Anamorph):
Uredo rhododendri DC. 1815

≡Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri (DC.) Savile 1950 Note: No description of teleomorph. Anamorph in a teleomorphic genus (ICBN Art. 59.6).

≡Melampsoropsis rhododendri (DC.) Arthur 1906 Note: Anamorph in a teleomorphic genus (ICBN Art. 59.6).

= Caeoma rhododendri Link 1825

Caeoma piceatum Link 1825 is a synonym pro parte.

Notes: Savile (1950) published the new combination Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri based on Uredo rhododendri DC 1815 (an anamorph), without description of the teleomorphic state. Savile (1955) later considered this to be an invalid combination (nom. nud.), but the name was validly published based on Uredo rhododendri DC. 1815. The 1950 name must be considered an anamorphic name in a teleomorphic genus, and the teleomorphic 1955 name is an illegitimate later homonym, based on the current Code (Art. 59.5 N.1, Art. 59.6 ex. 7). Similarly, Schröter (1878) published the combination Coleosporium rhododendri (DC) Schröt. based on the anamorph, mentioning the teleomorph but not describing it.

Supporting Literature:

Crane, P. E. 2001. Morphology, taxonomy, and nomenclature of the Chrysomyxa ledi complex and related rust fungi on spruce and Ericaceae in North America and Europe. Can. J. Bot. 79:957-982.

Eglitis, M., Gould, C. J., and Johnson, F. 1966. Fungi found on Ericaceae in the Pacific coastal area. Wash. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 675:1-21.

French, A. M. 1989. California Plant Disease Host Index. Calif. Dep. of Food and Agric., Sacramento.

Gaumann, E. 1959. Die rostpilze mitteleuropas mit besonderer berucksichtigung der Schweiz. Beitr. Kryptogamenflora Schweiz 12:1-1407.

Gould, C. J., Eglitis, M., and Doughty, C. C. 1955. European Rhododendron rust (Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri) in the United States. Plant Dis. Rep. 39:781-782.

Grand, L. F., ed. 1985. North Carolina Plant Disease Index. N. C. Agric. Res. Serv. Tech. Bull. 240:1-157.

Hiratsuka, N., Sato, S., Katsuya, K., Kakishima, M., Hiratsuka, Y., Kaneko, S., Ono, Y., Sato, T., Harada, Y., Hiratsuka, T., and Nakayama, K.1992. The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki, Japan.

Savile, D. B. O. 1950. North American species of Chrysomyxa. Canad. J. Res., Sect. C 28:318-330.

Savile, D. B. O. 1955. Chrysomyxa in North America - additions and corrections. Can. J. Bot. 33:487-496.

Crinipellis perniciosa var. perniciosa: See Moniliophthora perniciosa

Cronartium flaccidum; Alternate State (Anamorph): Peridermium cornui

Geographic Distribution: Europe, Asia.

Substrate: Stems.

Disease Note: Scotch pine blister rust; resin canker. Heteroecious rust. Infection through foliage or stem wounds.

Host Range: Aecial host: Pinus spp.; telial hosts: Asclepiadaceae, Paeoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae.

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter 1880 [1881]

≡Sphaeria flaccida Alb. & Schwein. 1805

= Aecidium asclepiadeum Wallr. 1833 Note: This is a teleomorph
    described in an anamorphic genus (Art. 59.6).

= Erineum asclepiadeum Willd. 1806

    ≡ Cronartium asclepiadeum (Willd.) Fr. 1815

= Cronartium nemesiae Vestergr. 1896

    ≡ Cronartium nemesiae var. nemesiae Vestergr. 1896

= Cronartium paeoniae Castagne 1845

= Cronartium pedicularis (A. Dietr.) Lindr. 1900

= Cronartium peridermii-pini Liro 1907

= Cronartium vincetoxici Duby 1831 [1830] Note: Superfluous name.

Notes: This is the type species of the genus Cronartium. Hantula et al. (2002) showed that Cronartium flaccidum and Endocronartium pini (DC.:Pers.) Y. Hirats. 1969 are closely related despite displaying heteroecious and autoecious life cycles, respectively. We retain the distinction for now, following Hiratsuka (1969) and Hiratsuka (1992).

Alternate State (Anamorph): Peridermium cornui Rostr. ex Kleb. 1890

Notes: This name was originally used by Rostrum (1889) but with no description, therefore Peridermium cornui Rostr. 1889 is an invalid name, nom. nud. Klebahn (1890) validated the name, describing this species as the anamorph of the heteroecious rust Cronartium flaccidum (as Cronartium asclepiadeum). Klebahn (1890) amended the concept of Endocronartium pini (as Peridermium pini) to include only the autoecious pine rust.

Supporting Literature:

Cummins, G. B., and Hiratsuka, Y. 2003. Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi, 3rd Ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Hantula, J., Kasanen, R., Kaitera, J., and Moricca, S. 2002. Analysis of genetic variation suggests that pine rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini belong to the same species. Mycol. Res. 106:203-209.

Hiratsuka, N., Sato, S., Katsuya, K., Kakishima, M., Hiratsuka, Y., Kaneko, S., Ono, Y., Sato, T., Harada, Y., Hiratsuka, T., and Nakayama, K. 1992. The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki, Japan.

Hiratsuka, Y. 1969. Endocronartium, a new genus for autoecious pine stem rusts. Can. J. Bot. 47:1493-1495.

Klebahn, H. 1890. Neue Untersuchungen und Beobachtungen über die Blasenroste der Kiefern. Hedwigia 29:27-35.

Mordue, J. E. M., and Gibson, I. A. S. 1978. Cronartium flaccidum. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 580:1-2.

Rostrup, 1889. Vidensk. Meddel. fra den naturh. Foren. p. 238-252.

Diaporthe mali Bres. 1902

Geographic Distribution: Europe (Austria, type).

Substrate: Branches.

Host Range: Pyrus malus (as Malus domestica) (Rosaceae, type).

Fungal Order: Diaporthales

Notes: Not Diaporthe mali Miura 1915 = Diaporthe eres (see below). Originally published as Diaporthe (Chorostate) mali, this fungus has received little attention; it was listed by Wehmeyer (1933) under "species not seen." The illegitimate later homonym Diaporthe mali Miura 1915 non Bres. 1902 has received some study (e.g. C.M.I. 1990), which may be a source of confusion in the plant pathology literature.

Supporting Literature:

C. M. I. 1990. Diaporthe mali. C.M.I. Map 618:1-2.

Wehmeyer, L. E. 1933. The genus Diaporthe Nitschke and its segregates. Univ. Michigan Stud., Sci. Ser. 9:1-349.

Diaporthe mali Miura 1915; see Diaporthe eres Nitschke 1870

(Not an APHIS regulated plant pest. Listed for comparison with Diaporthe mali Bres.).

Diaporthe eres; Alternate State (Anamorph): Phomopsis oblonga

Geographic Distribution: Asia, Europe, North America, Africa (Zambia, Zimbabwe)

Substrate: Leaves, petioles, twigs, branches, stems, flowers, fruits.

Disease Note: Canker, fruit rot, leaf spot.

Host Range: Multiple plant families.

Fungal Order: Diaporthales

Diaporthe eres Nitschke 1870

[= Diaporthe mali Miura 1915 - illegitimate later homonym] Note: Not Diaporthe mali Bres. 1902.

Alternate State (Anamorph):

Phomopsis oblonga (Desm.) Traverso 1906

≡Phoma oblonga Desm. 1853

Notes: Wehmeyer (1933) provided an extensive list of synonyms, which are not listed here. Wehmeyer based his species concept on morphology rather than host distinction, but he observed that Diaporthe eres might be regarded as a species complex. Diaporthe eres and the synonymous name Diaporthe mali Miura (see above) occur throughout North America.

Supporting Literature:

C.M.I. 1990. Diaporthe mali. C.M.I. Map 618:1-2.

Kanematsu, S., Kobayashi, T. and Kudo, A. 1999. Conidial morphology, pathogenicity and culture characteristics of Phomopsis isolates from peach, Japanese pear and apple in Japan. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 65:264-273.

Kanematsu, S., Minaka, N., Kobayashi, T., Kudo, A. and Ohtsu, Y. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions and comparison of fertility in Phomopsis isolates from fruit trees. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 66:191-201.

Tanaka, T. 1919. New Japanese fungi notes and translations VII. Mycologia 11:148-154.

Wehmeyer, L. E. 1933. The genus Diaporthe Nitschke and its segregates. Univ. Mich. Stud., Sci. Ser. 9:1-349.

Elsinoë australis;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Sphaceloma australis

Geographic Distribution: South America.

Substrate: Fruits.

Disease Note: The APS common name is sweet orange scab.

Host Range: Citrus spp., Fortunella spp. (Rutaceae).

Fungal Order: Myriangiales

Elsinoë australis Bitanc. & Jenkins 1936

    Variant spelling Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenk. 1936

Alternate State (Anamorph):

Sphaceloma australis Bitanc. & Jenk. 1936

≡Sphaceloma fawcettii var. viscosa Jenk. 1933

Note: When the teleomorph was discovered, Bitanc. & Jenkins (1936) provided the new name Sphaceloma australis for the anamorph at the species rank, replacing the varietal name Sphaceloma fawcettii var. viscosa.

Supporting Literature:

Hyun, J. -W., Timmer, L. W., Lee, S. C., Yun, S. -H., Ko, S. -W., and Kim, K. S. 2001. Pathological characterization and molecular analysis of Elsinoe isolates causing scab diseases of citrus in Jeju Island in Korea. Plant Dis. 85:1013-1017.

Sivanesan, A., and Critchett, C. 1974. Elsinoe australis. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 440:1-2.

Tan, M. K., Timmer, L. W., Broadbent, P., Priest, M., and Cain, P. 1996. Differentiation by molecular analysis of Elsinoe spp. causing scab diseases of citrus and its epidemiological implications. Phytopathology 86:1039-1044.

Elsinoë batatas;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Sphaceloma batatas

Geographic Distribution: Australia, Asia, Pacific Islands, Caribbean (Puerto Rico), South America (Brazil). It is absent from the mainland of the USA, but present in Hawaii (McCain and Trujillo 1967, Raabe et al. 1981).

Substrate: Leaves, stems.

Disease Note: The APS common name is leaf and stem scab.

Host Range: Ipomoea batatas (sweetpotato, Convolvulaceae).

Fungal Order: Myriangiales

Elsinoë batatas Viégas & Jenkins 1943

Alternate State (Anamorph):

Sphaceloma batatas Sawada 1931 Note: Published as "batatae"

Supporting Literature:

McCain, A. H., and Trujillo, E. E. 1967. Plant diseases previously unreported from Hawaii. Plant Dis. Rep. 51:1051-1053.

Raabe, R. D., Conners, I. L., and Martinez, A. P. 1981. Checklist of plant diseases in Hawaii. Coll. of Trop. Agric. and Human Resourc., Univ. of Hawaii. Info. Text Series No. 22.

Sivanesan, A., and Hyde, K. D. 1992. Elsinoë batatas. I.M.I. Descr. 1124:1-2.

Entomophthora spp.

Note: All species occur on insects. Some species are utilized as biological control agents. While their entry into the country could have ecological consequences, members of this genus are unlikely to act as plant pests. It seems inappropriate to include this genus on the Regulated Plant Pest List.

Fungal Order: Entomophthorales

Entyloma oryzae

Geographic Distribution: Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, South America, Africa, Europe (France), North America (Mexico; USA: LA, TX, AR). Reported in the USA by Zundel (1953) and in an anonymous report (1960).

Substrate: Leaves.

Disease Note: The APS common name is leaf smut.

Host Range: Oryza sativa (rice, Poaceae).

Fungal Order: Entylomatales

Entyloma oryzae Syd. & P. Syd. 1914

Supporting Literature:

Anonymous 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. USDA Agric. Handb. 165:1-531.

Mulder, J. L., and Holliday, P. 1971. Entyloma oryzae. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 296:1-2.

Zundel, G. L. 1953. The Ustilaginales of the World. Contr. Dep. Bot. Pa. State Coll. School Agric. 176:1-410.

Fusarium fuliginosporum

Geographic Distribution: Europe (Italy).

Substrate: Roots.

Disease Note: Seedling rot.

Host Range: Cedrus deodara (Deodar cedar, Pinaceae).

Fungal Order: Hypocreales

Fusarium fuliginosporum Sibilia 1925

Supporting Literature:

Spaulding, P. 1961. Foreign Diseases of Forest Trees of the World. USDA Agric. Handb. 197.

Guignardia pyricola

Geographic Distribution: Asia.

Substrate: Branches, shoots, leaves, fruits.

Disease Note: The APS common name is apple ring rot and canker, also known as wart bark, blister canker, Physalospora canker. This fungus is morphologically indistinguishable from Botryosphaeria dothidea but causes different disease symptoms.

Host Range: Principal host: Pyrus pyrifolia. Additional hosts: Pyrus spp., Malus spp., Chaenomeles japonica (Rosaceae).

Guignardia pyricola (Nose) W. Yamam. 1961

≡Physalospora pyricola Nose 1933

    Variant spelling Physalospora piricola Nose 1933 Note: The
    original spelling has been corrected for the host genus Pyrus
    (Art. 60.12).

[≡Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. pyricola (Nose) Kogan. & Sakuma 1984] nom. inval. Note: The basionym reference was given with a page range, not the exact page, therefore this name is not validly published (Art. 33.3). This constitutes an unconventional use of forma specialis (f. sp.) for a fungus from multiple plant host genera (Smith 1992).

Notes: The status of this fungus is controversial. It is clear that Guignardia pyricola belongs in the genus Botryosphaeria, but no valid name has been published. The only name for this fungus in Botryosphaeria is Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. pyricola, but the forma specialis has no nomenclatural status (Art. 4 Note 3), and the basionym citation was incorrect making B. berengeriana f. sp. pyricola an invalid name. We have no other option than to list this taxon under the name Guignardia pyricola until its status has been resolved. Some authors consider it a taxonomic synonym of Botryosphaeria dothidea; it is morphologically identical to Botryosphaeria dothidea but causes distinct disease symptoms (Smith et al. 1992). The anamorph is an unnamed Fusicoccum. If, after reexamination, this fungus is recognized as a distinct taxon, a new combination in the genus Botryosphaeria should be published.

Supporting Literature:

Koganezawa, H. and Sakuma, T. 1984. Causal fungi of apple fruit rot. Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Sta. Jpn., Series C 11:49-62.

Slippers, B., Crous, P. W., Denman, S., Coutinho, T. A., Wingfield, B. D., and Wingfield, M. J. 2004. Combined multiple gene genealogies and phenotypic characters differentiate several species previously identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Mycologia 96:83-101.

Smith, I. M., McNamara, D. G., Scott, P. R., and Harris, K. M. 1993. Quarantine Pests for Europe. EPPO and CABI Publish., Wallingford, UK.

Gymnosporangium asiaticum;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Roestelia koreensis

Geographic Distribution: Asia. Introduced into North America (USA: WA, OR, CA, WI, CT,) and Europe (UK) on imported stock (see Hiratsuka et al. 1992). Reported in the USA by Anon. (1960), Blasdale (1919), Hotson (1925), French (1987, 1989), Greene (1968), and Shaw (1973).

Substrate: Aecial host: leaves. Telial host: leaves and stems.

Disease Note: Heteroecious rust.

Host Range: Aecial host: Pyrus spp. and other Rosaceae. Telial host: Juniperus spp. (Cupressaceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex G. Yamada 1904

= Gymnosporangium chinense Long 1914

= Gymnosporangium haraeanum Syd. & P. Syd. 1912

= Gymnosporangium koreaense H. Jacks. 1916 (as "koreaënsis")

[= Gymnosporangium japonicum Shirai 1900 - illegitimate later homonym] Note: Not P. Syd. 1899.

[Gymnosporangium asiaticum var. major author and publication year unknown] Note: Probably an invalid herbarium name.

Notes: The invalid name (nom. nud.) Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe 1903 was validated in 1904 by G. Yamada.

Alternate State (Anamorph): Roestelia koreensis Henn. 1889

= Gymnosporangium spiniferum Syd. & P. Syd. 1912 Note: The description is from the aecial host, therefore this is an anamorph in a teleomorphic genus (ICBN Art. 59.6).

Notes: Gymnosporangium japonicum P. Syd. not Shirai 1900 was erroneously considered to be the telial state of this fungus; see Jackson H.S. J. Agr. Res. 5: 1003-1011, 1916.

Supporting Literature:

Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. USDA Agric. Handb. 165:1-531.

Blasdale, W. C. 1919. A preliminary list of the Uredinales of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7:101-157.

French, A. M. 1987. California plant disease host index. Part 1: Fruit and nuts. Calif. Dep. of Food and Agric., Sacramento.

French, A. M. 1989. California Plant Disease Host Index. Calif. Dep. of Food and Agric., Sacramento.

Greene, H. C. 1968. Notes on Wisconsin parasitic fungi. XXXIII. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Ars. Lett. 56:263-280.

Hiratsuka, N., Sato, S., Katsuya, K., Kakishima, M., Hiratsuka, Y., Kaneko, S., Ono, Y., Sato, T., Harada, Y., Hiratsuka, T., and Nakayama, K.1992. The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki, Japan.

Hotson, J. W. 1925. Preliminary list of the Uredinales of Washington. Publ. Puget Sound Biolog. Sta. 4:273-391.

Laundon, G. 1977. Gymnosporangium asiaticum. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 541:1.

Shaw, C. G. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Wash. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121.

Hemileia vastatrix

Geographic Distribution: Asia, Africa, South America, Central America, North America (Mexico), Papua New Guinea. Not reported in the USA.

Substrate: Leaves. Rarely on berries and young shoots. Seed-borne.

Disease Note: The APS common name is orange or leaf rust (Fig. 3). This rust is autoecious. The most serious disease of coffee of worldwide significance (Laundon 1964).

Fig. 3. Hemileia vastatrix (left) telia and (right) urediniospores (photo credit J. Hernandez).

Host Range: Principal host: Coffea spp. (coffee). Additional hosts: Gardenia spp. (Rubiaceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome 1869

Supporting Literature:

Laundon, G. F., and Waterston, J. M. 1964. Hemileia vastatrix. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 1:1-2.

Click on the following link for diagnostic information and detailed distributional data: Hemileia vastatrix

Lachnellula willkommii

Geographic Distribution: Native to Asia, established in Europe. Eradication efforts in North America (Canada; USA: MA, ME) have been mostly successful but occasional local outbreaks occur (Buczacki 1975,CPC website). Reported in the USA by Miller-Weeks and Stark (1983), Ostaff (1985), and in an anonymous report (1960).

Substrate: Bark, branches and stems.

Disease Note: Canker, girdling dieback. Not epidemic.

Host Range: Larix spp., Pseudolarix spp. (Pinaceae). According to Buczacki (1975) reports on other conifers are almost certainly erroneous.

Fungal Order: Helotiales

Lachnellula willkommii (R. Hartig) Dennis 1962

≡Peziza willkommii Hartig 1874

    Variant spelling Peziza willkomii Hartig 1874. Note: Probable
    transcription error.

≡Dasyscyphus willkommii (R. Hartig) Rehm 1881. Note: Originally published as "Dasyscypha"

≡Helotium willkommii (Hartig) Wettst. 1887

≡Lachnella willkommii (Hartig) Seaver 1951

≡Trichoscypha willkommii (Hartig) Boud. 1907

≡Trichoscyphella willkommii (R. Hartig) Nannf. 1932

Notes: Buczacki (1975) listed this fungus under the name Trichoscyphella willkommii, stating that Lachnellula willkommii was based on questionable precepts and had not gained wide acceptance. The name Lachnellula willkommii has been accepted by most recent authors and is used here as the currently accepted name.

Supporting Literature:

Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. USDA Agric. Handb. 165:1-531.

Buczacki, S. T. 1975. Trichoscyphella willkommii. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 450:1-2.

Miller-Weeks, M., and Stark, D. 1983. European larch canker in Maine. Plant Dis. 67:448.

Ostaff, D. P. 1985. Age distribution of european larch canker in New Brunswick. Plant Dis. 69:796-798.

Melanomma glumarum

Geographic Distribution: Asia.

Substrate: Glumes, culms.

Disease Note: Leaf spot.

Host Range: Oryza sativa (Poaceae).

Fungal Order: Pleosporales

Melanomma glumarum I. Miyake 1910

[Melanomma glumarum f. africanum Luc 1953] Note: Invalid name, no Latin description (ICBN Art. 36.1).

Supporting Literature:

Miyake, I. 1910. Pilze Reispflanze Japan. J. Coll. Agric. Tokyo II: 242, table XIII, f. 1-3 (not seen).

Tai, F. L. 1979. Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. Sci. Press, Acad. Sin., Beijing, China.

Watson, A. J. 1971. Foreign bacterial and fungus diseases of food, forage, and fiber crops. USDA Agric. Handb. 418.

Monilinia fructigena and Related Brown Fruit Rots.

Monilinia fructigena is one of four related fungi that infect members of the Rosaceae, causing brown fruit rots of considerable economic importance. There has been some taxonomic confusion between the four species Monilinia fructigena, Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia laxa, and Monilia polystroma Leeuwen 2002. The latter species was described based solely on the anamorph. Monilinia fructigena is widespread in Europe, rarely infects blossoms and twigs, and occurs primarily on apples (Malus spp.), pears (Pyrus spp.), and other pome fruit trees, although it is also found on Prunus spp. The brown fruit rot of Japan, previously considered to be M. fructigena, is a distinct species based on recent morphological and molecular studies, and has been named Monilia polystroma Leeuwen 2002. Monilinia fructicola is widespread in North America, commonly infects blossoms and twigs in addition to fruits, and occurs primarily on Prunus spp., but also on apples, pears, and other pome fruits in the Rosaceae. Monilinia laxa co-occurs with the other brown rot fungi, primarily in Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America. M. laxa resembles M. fructicola in infecting blossoms and twigs in addition to fruits, but has a host range similar to M. fructigena, occurring more frequently on Prunus spp. but also on other members of the Rosaceae (see Batra 1991 for more details).

Monilinia fructigena;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Monilia fructigena

Geographic Distribution: Europe, Asia (China), South America (Uruguay, Brazil). American literature references to Monilia fructigena previous to 1928 probably refer to Monilia fructicola Batra 1991. Reports of Monilia fructigena in Japan probably refer to Monilia polystroma Leeuwen 2002.

Substrate: Primarily fruits, rarely blossoms and twigs.

Disease Note: The APS common name is brown rot, blossom blight, and fruit rot. Overwinters in mummified fruits.

Host Range: Malus spp., Pyrus spp., Prunus spp. and other Rosaceae, also reported on Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae).

Fungal Order: Helotiales

Monilinia fructigena Honey ex Whetzel 1946

[≡Sclerotinia fructigena Aderh. & Ruhland 1905 - illegitimate later homonym]. Note: Not (Pers.:Fr.) J. Schröt. 1893

Alternate State (Anamorph):

Monilia fructigena Pers.:Fr. 1801

≡Acrosporium fructigenum (Pers.) Pers. 1822

≡Oospora fructigena (Pers.:Fr.) Wallr. 1833

≡Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.:Fr.) J. Schröt. 1893

[≡Stromatinia fructigena (Pers.:Fr.) Boud. 1907] Illegitimate later homonym. Not Ritz. Bos 1904

?= Torula fructigena Pers. 1796

= Oidium fructigenum Kunze & J.C. Schmidt 1817

= Oospora candida Wallr. 1833

= Oidium wallrothii Thüm. 1875

Note: The earliest potential description of the anamorph (conidial state) of this fungus was made by Persoon in 1796, under the name Torula fructigena. Harrison (1933) found Persoon’s 1796 description insufficient to distinguish among the other Monilinia spp. on Rosaceae (Batra 1991). In 1801 Persoon described the conidial state of the fungus as Monilia fructigena (subsequently sanctioned by Fries), later transferring it to the genus Acrosporium as Acrosporium fructigenum (Pers.) Pers. 1822. Wallroth placed it in the genus Oospora as Oospora fructigena (Pers.:Fr.) Wallr. 1833. Boudier transferred it into the genus Stromatinia as Stromatinia fructigena (Pers.:Fr.) Boud. 1907, thereby creating an illegitimate later homonym of Stromatinia fructigena Ritz. Bos 1904 (=Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 1928). In addition, Oospora candida Wallr. 1833, Oidium fructigenum Kunze & J.C. Schmidt 1817, and Oidium wallrothii Thüm. 1875 are considered to be taxonomic synonyms (Batra 1991).

In 1893, Schröter transferred Persoon’s anamorphic fungus to the holomorphic genus Sclerotinia, without a description of the teleomorphic state, creating the anamorphic name Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.:Fr.) J. Schröt. 1893. Aderhold & Ruhland (1905) added a description of the teleomorph to the name, thereby creating an illegitimate later homonym, Sclerotinia fructigena Aderh. & Ruhland 1905 (often cited as (Pers.) Aderh. & Ruhland 1905) (see Kohn 1979 p. 408-409 for more detail).

In 1936, Honey used the combination Monilinia fructigena, without description or reference to a description (invalid name, violating ICBN Art. 41.3). In 1946, Whetzel was the first to validly publish the combination, cited as Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey 1936, with reference to the description of the teleomorph provided by Aderhold & Ruhland for Sclerotinia fructigena Aderh. & Ruhland 1905. Because S. fructigena Aderh. & Ruhland 1905 is an illegitimate later homonym of S. fructigena (Pers.:Pers.) Schröt. 1893, the combination is properly cited as Monilinia fructigena Honey ex Whetzel 1946 (see ICBN Art. 58). This is the currently accepted holomorphic name for this taxon.

Supporting Literature:

Batra, L. R. 1991. World species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their ecology, biosystematics and control. Mycol. Mem. 16:1-246.

Honey, E. E. 1936. North American species of Monilinia. I. Occurrence, grouping, and life-histories. Amer. J. Bot. 23:100-106.

Kohn, L. M. 1979. A monographic revision of the genusSclerotinia. Mycotaxon 9:365-444.

Korf, R. P., and Kohn, L. M. 1979. Later starting point blues. I. Monilia fructigena. Mycotaxon 9:521-522.

Whetzel, H. H. 1945. A synopsis of the genera and species of the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of stromatic inoperculate Discomycetes. Mycologia 37:648-714.

Monilinia fructicola;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Monilia fructicola (Not an APHIS regulated plant pest. Listed for comparison with Monilinia fructigena).

Geographic Distribution: North America, South America, Asia (Japan), Australia, New Zealand.

Substrate: Blossoms, twigs, fruits.

Disease Note: Brown fruit rot, wilt, blight, canker. Overwinters in mummified fruits.

Host Range: Rosaceae, primarily Prunus spp., also Pomoideae including Malus (apple) and Pyrus (pear). Reported on Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae).

Fungal Order: Helotiales

Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 1928

≡Ciboria fructicola G. Winter 1883

≡Sclerotinia fructicola (G. Winter) Rehm 1906

= Stromatinia fructigena Ritz. Bos 1904

= Sclerotinia americana Norton & Ezekiel 1924

[= Sclerotinia fructigena Norton 1902 - illegitimate later homonym]. Note: Not (Pers.:Fr.) Schröt. 1893.

Alternate State (Anamorph): Monilia fructicola Batra 1991

= Monilia cinerea f. americana Wormald 1919

Note: The teleomorph of this fungus was first described on mummified peaches from Pennsylvania as Ciboria fructicola G. Winter 1883 (Batra 1991). It was transferred to the genus Sclerotinia by Rehm (Sclerotinia fructicola (G. Winter) Rehm 1906) and to Monilinia by Honey as Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 1928, the currently accepted name. Sclerotinia americana Norton & Ezekiel 1924 is a taxonomic synonym (Batra 1991).

In 1902, Norton observed the teleomorphic state of a Monilia sp. on Prunus fruits from Maryland and named it Sclerotinia fructigena Norton 1902, creating an illegitimate later homonym of Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.:Fr.) J. Schröt. 1893 (anamorph of Monilinia fructigena). The existence of this homonym may have added to the confusion between Monilinia fructigena and Monilinia fructicola.

Before the American brown fruit rot was described as Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 1928, American collections were frequently reported under the name Monilia fructigena. After 1928, the invalid name Monilia fructicola was used, despite the lack of a formal description of the anamorph (Batra 1991). In 1991 Batra provided a description of the anamorph, Monilia fructicola Batra 1991, the currently accepted name.

Further confusion was caused by the partial synonyms (syn. pro parte) Sclerotinia cinerea Matheny 1913 and Sclerotinia cinerea (Bonord.) Schröt. ex Aderh. & Ruhland 1905, illegitimate later homonyms of Sclerotinia cinerea (Bonord.) Schröt. 1893 = Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey 1945.

Supporting Literature:

Batra, L. R. 1991. World species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their ecology, biosystematics and control. Mycol. Mem. 16:1-246.

Kohn, L. M. 1979. A monographic revision of the genus Sclerotinia. Mycotaxon 9:365-444.

Monilinia laxa;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Monilia laxa (Not an APHIS regulated plant pest. Listed for comparison with Monilinia fructigena).

Geographic Distribution: North America (Pacific Northwest), South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa (South Africa).

Substrate: Blossoms, shoots, twigs, fruits.

Disease Note: The APS common name is brown rot, blossom blight, and fruit rot. Also known as a wilt and canker. Overwinters in mummified fruits.

Host Range: Rosaceae, primarily Prunus spp., also Malus spp. (apple), Pyrus spp. (pear), and other Pomoideae.

Fungal Order: Helotiales

Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey 1945

≡Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhland 1905

≡Stromatinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Chifflot 1921

[= Sclerotinia cinerea Wormald 1921 - illegitimate later homonym]. Note: Not (Bonord.) Schröt. 1893

Alternate State (Anamorph):

Monilia laxa (Ehrenb.) Sacc. & Voglino 1886

≡Oidium laxum Ehrenb. 1818 (not Duby 1830)

≡Acrosporium laxum (Ehrenb.) Pers. 1822

≡Oospora laxa (Ehrenb.) Wallr. 1833

= Monilia cinerea Bonord. 1851

    ≡Sclerotinia cinerea (Bonord.) J. Schröt. 1893

= Sclerotinia cerasi Woronin 1895

    ≡Stromatinia cerasi (Woronin) Boud. 1907

= Monilia oregonensis Barss 1923

[Monilia laxa (Wallr.) Sacc. & Voglino 1886 ] invalid name

Note: The teleomorph of this fungus was first described as Sclerotinia laxa by Aderhold & Ruhland in 1905. Chifflot transferred it to Stromatinia (Stromatinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Chifflot 1921). Honey transferred it to Monilinia as Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey 1945, the currently accepted name.

The nomenclature of the anamorphic state remains controversial (Batra 1991). Ehrenberg’s description of Oidium laxum Ehrenb. 1818 serves as the basionym for the currently accepted name. It is possible, however, that Persoon’s descriptions of Torula fructigena Pers. 1796, Monilia fructigena Pers.:Fr. 1801 and Acrosporium fructigenum (Pers.:Fr.) Pers. 1822 refer to the fungus currently named Monilia laxa rather than to Monilia fructigena (Batra 1991). If this were accepted to be the case, in the genus Monilia the epithet fructigena (1796) would have priority over laxum (1818) for this fungus. The brown fruit rot currently known as Monilia fructigena would also need to be renamed. Because no type specimen is available for Persoon’s fungus, it has been difficult to settle this issue. At this point, M. laxa is the currently accepted name for the conidial state of this fungus (Batra 1991).

Supporting Literature:

Batra, L. R. 1991. World species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their ecology, biosystematics and control. Mycol. Mem. 16:1-246.

Moniliophthora perniciosa
Note: Listed by APHIS as Crinipellis perniciosa

Geographic Distribution: South America, Caribbean (Trinidad, Grenada). Also reported in Indonesia (unconfirmed).

Substrate: Buds, flowers, fruits.

Disease Note: This fungal disease may destroy up to 75% of the crop. The APS common names are currently Crinipellis pod rot and witches’ broom. The APS common names should be updated to reflect the new generic placement, and to prevent confusion with the closely related Moniliophthora pod rot (see Moniliophthora roreri).

Host Range: Theobroma spp. including Theobroma cacao (cacao), and Herrania spp. (Malvaceae, also sometimes placed in Sterculiaceae).

Fungal Order: Agaricales

Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phillips-Mora 2006 [2005]

≡Marasmius perniciosus Stahel 1915

≡Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer 1943

Notes: Aime and Philips-Mora (2005) transfered this teleomorphic species to the genus Moniliophthora. The genus Moniliophthora was erected for Moniliophthora roreri, originally considered an anamorphic species. Evans (2002) later argued that Moniliophthora roreri is a teleomorphic name (see discussion under Moniliophthora roreri).

Supporting Literature:

Aime, M. C., and Phillips-Mora, W. 2005. The causal agents of witches’ broom and frosty pod rot of cocoa (chocolate, Theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of Marasmiaceae. Mycologia 97:1012-1022.

Evans, H. C. 2002. Invasive neotropical pathogens of tree crops. Pages 83-112 in: Watling, R., J. C. Frankland, A. M. Ainsworth, S. Isaac, and C. H. Robinson. Tropical Mycology: Vol. 2, Micromycetes. CABI Publish., Cambridge, MA.

Holliday, P. 1970. Crinipellis perniciosa. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 223:1-2.

Click here for additional information: Moniliophthora perniciosa

Moniliophthora roreri

Geographic Distribution: Central America (Panama, Cuba), South America.

Substrate: Flowers, fruits.

Disease Note: The APS common name is Moniliophthora pod rot, also known as frosty pod rot, 'mancha', 'helada', watery pod rot (Fig. 4). Incorrectly referred to as Moniliosis or Monilia disease.

Fig. 4. Moniliophthora roreri, infected pods (photo credit M.C. Aime).

Host Range: Theobroma cacao (cacao), and otherTheobroma spp. (Malvaceae).

Fungal Order: Agaricales

Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) H.C. Evans, Stalpers, Samson & Benny 1978

≡Monilia roreri Cif. 1933 Note: Originally classified as an ascomycete (misapplied).

[Crinipellis roreri (Cif.) H.C. Evans 2002] Note: Invalid name, incomplete citation of basionym (ICBN Art. 33.3).

Notes: This species was originally classified as an ascomycete by Ciferri (1933). Evans et al. (1978) erected the new genus Moniliophthora with this fungus as its type species. According to Evans et al. (1978), no type material is extant; they have designated a neotype (a dried culture of CBS 324.75) (permissable under ICBN Art. 8.4). They originally considered it to be an anamorph; later Evans et al. (2002) argued that what had previously been considered conidiophores and conidia were, in fact, probasidia and metabasidia. Because Ciferri's protologue (1933) contained a description of what may be the teleomorphic state of this fungus, Moniliophthora roreri may be a holomorphic name (ICBN Art. 59.2). The genus Moniliophthora, with M. roreri as type species, may therefore be a holomorphic genus. See also Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005).

Supporting Literature:

Aime, M. C., and Phillips-Mora, W. 2005. The causal agents of witches’ broom and frosty pod rot of cocoa (chocolate, Theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of Marasmiaceae. Mycologia 97:1012-1022.

Evans, H. C., Holmes, K., Phillips, W., and Wilkinson, J. M. 2002. What's in a name: Crinipellis, the final resting place for the frosty pod rot pathogen of cocoa? Mycologist 16:148-152.

Evans, H. C., Stalpers, J. A., Samson, R. A., and Benny, G. L. 1978. On the taxonomy of Monilia roreri, an important pathogen of Theobroma cacao in South America. Can. J. Bot. 56:2528-2532.

Holliday, P. 1970. Monilia roreri. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 226:1-2.

Click here for additional information: Moniliophthora roreri

Oncobasidium theobromae

Geographic Distribution: Asia, Australasia (Papua New Guinea).

Substrate: Vascular tissue (xylem) of branches and stem.

Disease Note: The APS common name is vascular streak dieback, also known as vascular wilt.

Host Range: Principal host: Theobroma cacao (cacao, Malvaceae). Additional host: Persea americana (avocado, Lauraceae). Indigenous host unknown.

Fungal Order: Ceratobasidiales

Oncobasidium theobromae P.H.B. Talbot & Keane 1971

Notes: This is the type species of the genus Oncobasidium P.H.B. Talbot & Keane 1971.

Supporting Literature:

Keane, P. J., and Prior, C. 1991. Vascular-streak dieback of cocoa. Phytopathological Papers 33. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

Talbot, P. H. B., and Keane, P. J. 1971. Oncobasidium: a new genus of tulasnelloid fungi. Austr. J. Bot. 19:203-206.

Oospora oryzetorum Sacc. 1916 Note: Not a fungus.

Notes: This is not a rice pathogen, and has never been reported except for the original description. Specimens from the original collection contain only starch granules, which were apparently mistakenly interpreted as fungal structures. This name should not be used (Gams and Rossman 2005).

Supporting Literature:

Gams, W., and Rossman, A. Y. 2005. What is Oospora oryzetorum? Mycotaxon 92:339-340.

Peronosclerospora maydis

Geographic Distribution: Australia, Asia, South America (Venezuela, Argentina). Reports in Africa are unreliable (EPPO notes, CPC website).

Substrate: Leaves.

Disease Note: The APS common name is Java downy mildew.

Host Range: Principal host: Zea mays (corn). Additional hosts: other Poaceae.

Fungal Order: Peronosporales

Peronosclerospora maydis (Racib.) C.G. Shaw 1978

≡Peronospora maydis Racib. 1897

≡Sclerospora maydis (Racib.) E.J. Butler 1913 Note: Not Reinking 1918.

= Sclerospora javanica Palm 1918

Supporting Literature:

Riethmuller, A., Voglmayr, H., Goker, M., Wiess, M. , and Oberwinkler, F. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the downy mildews (Peronosporales) and related groups based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 94:834-849.

Shaw, C. G. 1978. Peronosclerospora species and other downy mildews of the Gramineae. Mycologia 70:594-604.

Peronosclerospora philippinensis

Geographic Distribution: Africa (Congo, South Africa), Asia. Not reported in the USA.

Substrate: Leaves. Possibly seed-borne.

Disease Note: The APS common name is Philippine downy mildew. This is an APHIS Select Agent and has recently been added to the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List.

Host Range: Poaceae including Zea mays (maize).

Fungal Order: Peronosporales

Peronosclerospora philippinensis (W. Weston) C.G. Shaw 1978

≡Sclerospora philippinensis W. Weston 1920  Note: Published as a new species (sp. nov.), but citing S. maydis Reinking, therefore this should be considered a replacement name for the illegitimate homonym Sclerospora maydis Reinking 1918 non (Racib.) Butler 1913.

= Sclerospora indica E.J. Butler 1931

[≡Sclerospora maydis Reinking 1918 - illegitimate later homonym]  Note: Not Sclerospora maydis (Racib.) Butler 1913.

Notes: According to Bonde et al. (1984) and Yao et al. (1991) Peronosclerospora philippinensis may be a synonym of Peronosclerospora sacchari.

Supporting Literature:

Bonde, M. R., Peteron, G. L., Dowler, W. M., and May, B. 1984. Isozyme analysis to differentiate species of Peronosclerospora causing downy mildews of maize. Phytopathology 74:1278-1283.

Shaw, C. G. 1978. Peronosclerospora species and other downy mildews of the Gramineae. Mycologia 70:594-604.

Yao, C. -l., Magill, C. W., Frederiksen, R. A., Bonde, M. R., Wang, Y., and Wu, P.-S. 1991. Detection and identification of Peronosclerospora sacchari in maize by DNA hybridization. Phytopathology 81:901-905.

Peronosclerospora sacchari

Geographic Distribution: Asia, Australia. Reports from Central America are unsubstantiated (G. Peterson, personal communication).

Substrate: Leaves; seed-borne.

Disease Note: The APS common name is sugarcane downy mildew.

Host Range: Principal host: Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane). Additional hosts: Zea mays (corn) and other Poaceae.

Fungal Order: Peronosporales

Peronosclerospora sacchari (T. Miyake) Shirai & Hara 1927

≡Sclerospora sacchari T. Miyake 1912 [1911]

Notes: This is the type species of the genus Peronosclerospora (S. Ito) K. Hara 1927. This name is sometimes erroneously cited as P. sacchari (T. Miyake) C.G. Shaw based on a later superfluous publication. According to Bonde et al. (1984) and Yao et al. (1991), the APHIS Select Agent Peronosclerospora philippinensis is a possible synonym.

Supporting Literature:

Bonde, M. R., Peteron, G. L., Dowler, W. M., and May, B. 1984. Isozyme analysis to differentiate species of Peronosclerospora causing downy mildews of maize. Phytopathology 74:1278-1283.

Riethmuller, A., Voglmayr, H., Goker, M., Wieß, M., and Oberwinkler, F. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the downy mildews (Peronosporales) and related groups based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 94:834-849.

Shaw, C. G. 1978. Peronosclerospora species and other downy mildews of the Gramineae. Mycologia 70:594-604.

Shirai, M., and Hara, K. 1927. A list of Japanese fungi hitherto known. Ni hon Kin rui Moku Roku. Tokyo, Japan.

Yao, C. -l., Magill, C. W., Frederiksen, R. A., Bonde, M. R., Wang, Y., and Wu, P. -S. 1991. Detection and identification of Peronosclerospora sacchari in maize by DNA hybridization. Phytopathology 81:901-905.

Pestalotiopsis disseminata

Geographic Distribution: North America (USA: FL, VA), Caribbean, South America (Venezuela), Europe (Portugal), Asia, Africa. Reported in the USA on Dactylis glomerata (Poaceae) by Roane and Roane (1996).

Substrate: Living and dead leaves.

Disease Note: The APS common name is banana leaf spot.

Host Range: Multiple plant families including Musa spp. (banana, Musaceae).

Fungal Order: Xylariales

Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thüm.) Steyaert 1949

≡Pestalotia disseminata Thüm. 1880

Supporting Literature:

Roane, C. W., and Roane, M. K. 1996. Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fungi associated with genera Aegilops to Digitaria. Va. J. Sci. 47:197-224.

Suto, Y., and Kobayashi, T. 1993. Taxonomic studies on the species of Pestalotiopsis parasitic on conifers in Japan. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn. 34:323-344.

Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae: See Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae

Phialophora cinerescens (Wollenw.) J.F.H. Beyma 1940

≡Verticillium cinerescens Wollenw. 1930 (as "cinerascens")

Geographic Distribution: Europe, Asia (China, USSR), North America (Canada; USA: CO, OR), South America (Colombia), New Zealand. It has been reported in the USA on carnations by Altschuler and Brown (1983), and on Fragaria chiloensis (Rosaceae) by Shaw (1973), but Rosaceae are not included in the described host range, therefore this record requires confirmation.

Substrate: Stem vascular tissue.

Disease Note: The APS common name is Phialophora wilt.

Host Range: Principal host: Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation). Additional hosts: other Caryophyllaceae.

Fungal Order: Chaetothyriales

Supporting Literature:

Abliz, P., Fukushima, K., Takizawa, K., and Nishimura, K. 2004. Identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa based on large subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 40:41-49.

Altschuler, S., and Brown, W. M. 1983. Plant Pests of Colorado: An Annotated Inventory. Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins.

Shaw, C. G. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Wash. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121.

Smith, I. M., McNamara, D. G., Scott, P. R., and Harris, K. M. 1993. Quarantine Pests for Europe. EPPO and CABI Publish., Wallingford, UK.

Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman 1940

Geographic Distribution: Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North America (Canada, USA). Numerous reports exist of occurrence in the USA, including Alfieri et al. (1984), Converse et al. (1966), French (1987, 1989), Grand (1985), and Shaw (1973).

Substrate: Roots.

Disease Note: The APS common name is red stele, also known as red core root rot. The most important fungal pathogen of strawberries (Ho and Jong 1988). Only foreign races are listed by APHIS as regulated plant pests.

Host Range: Fragaria × ananassa and Rubus ursinus var. longanobaccus (Rosaceae) are the only known hosts under natural conditions. Infection of other Rosaceae can occur via artificial inoculation (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996).

Fungal Order: Pythiales

Supporting Literature:

Alfieri, S. A., Jr., Langdon, K. R., Wehlburg, C., and Kimbrough, J. W. 1984. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida (Revised). Fla. Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv. Div. Plant Ind. Bull. 11:1-389.

Converse, R. H., Varney, E. H., and Kantzes, J. G. 1966. Occurrence of Phytophthora fragariae race A-5 in Maryland and New Jersey strawberry fields. Plant Dis. Rep. 50:351-352.

Erwin, D. C., and Ribeiro, O. K. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

French, A. M. 1987. California plant disease host index. Part 1: Fruit and nuts. Calif. Dep. of Food and Agric., Sacramento.

French, A. M. 1989. California Plant Disease Host Index. Calif. Dep. of Food and Agric., Sacramento.

Grand, L. F., ed. 1985. North Carolina Plant Disease Index. N. C. Agric. Res. Serv. Tech. Bull. 240:1-157.

Ho, H. H., and Jong, S. C. 1988. Phytophthora fragariae. Mycotaxon 31:305-322.

Shaw, C. G. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Wash. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121.

Pseudocercospora timorensis
Note: Listed by APHIS as Cercospora batatae

Geographic Distribution: South America, Asia, Australia, Africa.

Substrate: Leaves.

Disease Note: The APS common name is Cercospora leaf spot.

Host Range: Ipomoea spp. (sweetpotato, Convolvulaceae).

Fungal Order: Mycosphaerellales

Pseudocercospora timorensis (Cooke) Deighton 1976

≡Cercospora timorensis Cooke 1883

= Cercospora batatas Zimm. 1904

    Variant spelling Cercospora batatae Zimm. 1904

= Ramularia batatas Racib. 1900

    Variant spelling Ramularia batatae Racib. 1900

= Cercospora ipomoeae-purpureae J.M. Yen 1965

    ≡ Pseudocercospora ipomoeae-purpureae (J.M. Yen) J.M. Yen 1980

Notes: This fungus has received attention under the name Cercospora batatae Zimm. 1904, the name under which it is listed by APHIS as a Regulated Plant Pest in the United States. Cercospora "batatae" is the original spelling; the epithet has been corrected to "batatas".

Chupp (1953) considered Cercospora batatas to be synonymous with Cercospora timorensis Cooke 1883, later transferred by Deighton to the genus Pseudocercospora as Pseudocercospora timorensis (Cooke) Deighton 1976. Pollack (1987), Little (1987) and Crous & Braun (2003) have accepted Chupp’s judgement that Cercospora batatas is a synonym of Pseudocercospora timorensis. Ramularia batatas Racib. 1900 and Cercospora ipomoeae-purpureae J.M. Yen 1965 are also listed by Crous & Braun (2003) as taxonomic synonyms of Pseudocercospora timorensis. The epithet timorensis has priority as the oldest name, therefore the currently accepted scientific name for this fungus is Pseudocercospora timorensis (Cooke) Deighton 1976.

Cercospora ipomoeae-indicae Sawada 1943 is a possible synonym (Chupp 1953).

Supporting Literature:

Chupp, C. 1953. Monograph of the fungus genus Cercospora. Published by author, Ithaca, New York, NY.

Crous, P. W., and Braun, U. 2003. Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in Cercospora and Passalora. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Deighton, F. C. 1976. Studies on Cercospora and allied genera. VI. Pseudocercospora Speg., Pantospora Cif. and Cercoseptoria Petr. Mycol. Pap. 140:1-168.

García, C. E., Pons, N., Benítez de Rojas, C. 1996. Fitopatol. Venez. 9:22-36.

Little, S. 1987. Pseudocercospora timorensis. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 918:1-2.

Pollack, F. G. 1987. An annotated compilation of Cercospora names. Mycol. Mem. 12:1-212.

Pseudopezicula tracheiphila;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Phialophora tracheiphila

Geographic Distribution: Europe, Asia (Jordan, Turkey), Africa (Tunisia). Collections on cultivated grapes from North America and possibly also South America (Brazil) are referred to Pseudopezicula tetraspora Korf, R.C. Pearson, & Zhuang 1986 [1985] (C.M.I. 1991, Korf et al. 1986).

Substrate: Leaves, associated with vascular tissue.

Disease Note: The APS common name is rotbrenner. It is also sometimes referred to as angular leaf scorch disease, but this is the APS common name for Pseudopezicula tetraspora.

Host Range: Vitis spp., Parthenocissus spp. (Vitaceae).

Fungal Order: Helotiales

Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (Müll.-Thurg.) Korf & W.Y. Zhuang 1986 [1985]

≡Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Müll.-Thurg. 1903

Alternate State (Anamorph):

Phialophora tracheiphila (Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Korf 1986

≡Botrytis tracheiphila Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1906

Variant spelling Botrytis tracheiphilum Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1906

Notes: The original type specimen is not extant; a neotype was designated by Korf et al. (1986). Saccardo (1906) characterized the original publication as without diagnosis (absque diagnosi), but Korf et al. (1986) argue that Müller-Thurgau's 1903 description constituted valid publication.

Supporting Literature:

C.M.I. 1991. Pseudopezicula tracheiphila. C.M.I. Map 308:1-2.

Korf, R. P., Pearson, R. C., Zhuang, W. Y., and Dubos, B. 1986. Pseudopezicula (Helotiales, Peziculoideae) a new discomycete genus for pathogens causing an angular leaf scorch disease of grapes ('rot brenner'). Mycotaxon 26:457-471.

Puccinia gladioli;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Aecidium valerianellae

Geographic Distribution: Europe, Asia, Africa (Libya). Only the aecial stage has been reported from North America (USA: WA, OR, CA, Shaw 1973, Blasdale 1919).

Substrate: Leaves.

Disease Note: Heteroecious rust (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Puccinia gladioli (left) aecia and (right) teliospores (photo credit J. Hernandez).

Host Range: Telial host Gladiolus spp. (Liliaceae). Aecial host Valerianella and Plectritis spp. (Valerianaceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Puccinia gladioli Castagne 1842 [1843]

= Uredo gladioli Duby 1830 Note: A specimen possibly from the original collection contains teliospores of Puccinia gladioli, but the type specimen could not be located to confirm this. This name has been misapplied to species of Papulaspora and Urocystis (see Ainsworth 1949).

[Uredo gladioli Req.] Note: Invalid herbarium name.

Alternate State (Anamorph): Aecidium valerianellae Biv. 1816

Supporting Literature:

Ainsworth, G. C. 1949. The Gladiolus smut. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 32:255-257

Blasdale, W. C. 1919. A preliminary list of the Uredinales of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7:101-157.

Shaw, C. G. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Wash. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765:1-121.

Wilson, M., and Henderson, D. M. 1966. British Rust Fungi. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

Click the following link for diagnostic information and detailed distributional data: Puccinia gladioli

Puccinia horiana

Geographic Distribution: South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia. Outbreaks in North America (Mexico; USA: CA, NJ, OR, PA) have been eradicated. It has been reported in the USA by Bonde et al. (1995), Griesbach et al. (1991), and Peterson et al. (1978).

Substrate: Leaves.

Disease Note: Autoecious rust (Fig. 6).

Host Range: Chrysanthemum spp. (Asteraceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Puccinia horiana Henn. 1901

Supporting Literature:

Bonde, M. R., Peterson, G. L., Rizvi, S. A., and Smilanick, J. L. 1995. Myclobutanil as a curative agent for chrysanthemum white rust. Plant Dis. 79:500-505.

Griesbach, J. A., Milbrath, G. M., and Thomson, T. W. 1991. First occurrence of Chrysanthemum white rust caused by Puccinia horiana on florists' chrysanthemum in Oregon. Plant Dis. 75:431.

Peterson, J. L., Davis, S. H., Jr., and Weber, P. V. V. 1978. The occurrence of Puccinia horiana on chrysanthemum in New Jersey. Plant Dis. Rep. 62:357-360.

Punithalingam, E. 1968. Puccinia horiana. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 176:1-2.

Click the following link for diagnostic information and detailed distributional data: Puccinia horiana

Puccinia mccleanii

Geographic Distribution: Africa (South Africa, type).

Disease Note: Microcyclic rust (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Puccinia mccleanii teliospores (photo credit J. Hernandez).

Host Range: Gladiolus ludwigii (Iridaceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Puccinia mccleanii Doidge 1941

Variant spelling Puccinia maccleanii Doidge 1941

Notes: Some authors have corrected the spelling to "maccleanii" to conform to ICBN Rec. 60C.4.a; we retain here the original spelling (see ICBN Art. 60.1 and 60.3).

Supporting Literature:

Doidge, E. M. 1950. The South African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945. Bothalia 5:1-1094.

Click the following link for diagnostic information and detailed distributional data: Puccinia mccleanii

Pucciniastrum actinidiae

Geographic Distribution: Asia (Japan, China, Taiwan).

Substrate: Leaves.

Disease Note: Autoecious rust (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Pucciniastrum actinidiae urediniospores (photo credit J. Hernandez).

Host Range: Actinidia spp. (Actinidiaceae).

Fungal Order: Uredinales

Pucciniastrum actinidiae Hirats. f. 1936 (anamorphic name in a teleomorphic genus)

[= Pucciniastrum actinidiae Hirats. f. ex Hirats. f. 1952 - illegitimate later homonym, teleomorph]

Note: This is an anamorphic name placed in a teleomorphic genus. No legitimate name for the holomorph has currently been published. Hiratsuka (1936) published a description of the uredinial state; the telial state was unknown at the time. In 1952, Hiratsuka added a description of the teleomorphic state to the anamorphic name, thereby creating an illegitimate later homonym (ICBN Art. 59.5 note 1, Art. 59.6 ex. 7).

Supporting Literature:

Hiratsuka, N. 1936. A Monograph of the Pucciniastreae. Mem. Tottori Agric. Coll. 4:1-374.

Hiratsuka, N., Sato, S., Katsuya, K., Kakishima, M., Hiratsuka, Y., Kaneko, S., Ono, Y., Sato, T., Harada, Y., Hiratsuka, T., and Nakayama, K.1992. The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki, Japan.

Click the following link for diagnostic information and detailed distributional data: Pucciniastrum actinidiae

Pucciniastrum areolatum: SeeThekopsora areolata

Rhacodiella vitis

Geographic Distribution: Europe (Ukraine).

Substrate: Woody vines.

Disease Note: Spotted necrosis.

Host Range: Vitis spp. (grape, Vitaceae).

Fungal Order: Helotiales

Rhacodiella vitis Sterenberg 1963

Notes: Apparently known only from the type collection.

Supporting Literature:

Sterenberg, P. M. 1963. [Agent of spotted necrosis of the grapevine in the Ukraine - Rhacodiella vitis sp. nov.]. Ukr. Bot. Zh. 20:48-56.

Rosellinia necatrix;
Alternate State (Anamorph): Dematophora necatrix

Geographic Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Reported in the USA by French (1987, 1989), McCain (1964), Petrini (1992), and Wilhelm et al. (1954).

Substrate: Roots.

Disease Note: The APS common names are white root rot for grape, Dematophora crown and root rot (white root rot) for strawberry, andDematophora root rot (Rosellinia root rot) on other commercial crop species. A serious pathogen of apple, aprico